苹果树根系及土壤微生物对局部配施有机肥的响应  

Response mechanisms of apple tree root growth and soil microorganisms to replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer

作　　者：闫敏 朱晓萍 陈晓斌 何永波[2] 李磊 赵琪 李倩 杨萍果[3] YAN Min;ZHU Xiao-ping;CHEN Xiao-bin;HE Yong-bo;LI Lei;ZHAO Qi;LI Qian;YANG Ping-guo(Shanxi Agricultural University College of Resources and Environment,Taiyuan Shanxi 030031;Shanxi Agricultural University College of Horticulture,Taiyuan Shanxi 030031;Shanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences,Linfen Shanxi 041000)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学资源环境学院,山西太原030031 [2]山西农业大学园艺学院,山西太原030031 [3]山西师范大学生命科学学院,山西临汾041000

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2021年第6期129-136,共8页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0201100);山西省农业科学院农业科技创新研究课题(YCX2018106);国家重点研发计划“政府间国际科技创新合作/港澳台科技创新合作”重点专项子课题(2018YFE0112300);山西省重点研发计划重点项目(201903D211002);山西省农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目(YGC2019TD08)。

摘　　要：针对当前苹果树氮肥过量施用的问题,比较不同比例和类型的有机肥氮替代化肥氮对苹果树根系生长、果园土壤微生物变化的影响,找出有机肥氮替代化肥氮的最佳替代比例。以多年生红富士苹果(Malus pumila Mill)为研究对象,分别设优化施肥方案全量化肥(Y1)、常规有机肥替代20%氮肥(Y2)、常规有机肥替代40%氮肥(Y3)、常规有机肥替代60%氮肥(Y4)、常规有机肥替代100%氮肥(Y5)、常规有机肥替代300%氮肥(Y6)、果枝有机肥替代300%氮肥用量(Y7)7个处理,测定植物根系干重、土壤微生物碳源利用多样性等指标。沟内集中施肥可显著提高根干重、根系表面积,改善根的构型,从而增加根吸收养分和水分的能力;沟施肥水方式中最有利于根系生长的常规有机肥替代氮肥比例为40%~60%;果枝有机肥替代氮肥也可促进根系生长,但最佳比例需进一步试验验证。局部配施有机肥处理0~30 cm根系密集区土层根干重、表面积、体积较全量化肥均有不同程度的增长,但是根长有所降低。常规有机肥替代氮肥的适宜比例为40%~100%,果枝有机肥没有常规有机肥300%替代效果明显。利用BIOLOG测定不同处理土壤微生物多样性发现:在整个培养周期内,除Y4处理外,其它处理的平均吸光值变化速率和最终所能达到的值均低于Y1(对照)处理。较Y1处理,有机肥替代处理土壤微生物群落丰富度降低,多样性差异不显著,均匀度有所提高。对碳源利用主成分起分异作用的主要是醇类物质和氨基酸类物质。从局部配施有机肥改善苹果树根系生长环境,促进苹果树根系生长及根活力和生物学效应的角度综合考虑,有机肥替代氮肥40%以上效果明显,考虑到有机肥缓释效应及果农的接受度,常规有机肥替代氮肥最佳比例为40%,果枝有机肥最佳替代比例需进一步试验验证。In view of the current excessive application of nitrogen(N)fertilizers to apple trees,the effects of replacing chemical fertilizer N with organic fertilizer N at different chemical and organic proportions on root growth of apple trees and changes of soil microorganisms were studied to identify the best replacement ratio of organic fertilizer N to chemical fertilizer N.Field experiments were conducted in a perennial Red Fuji apple(Malus pumila Mill)orchard with seven treatments:optimized chemical fertilizer application(Y1),replacing 20%chemical N fertilizer with conventional organic fertilizer(Y2),replacing 40%chemical N fertilizer with conventional organic fertilizer(Y3),replacing 60%chemical N fertilizer with conventional organic fertilizer(Y4),replacing all chemical N fertilizer with conventional organic fertilizer(Y5),conventional organic fertilizer replacing three times of total N(Y6),fruit branch organic fertilizer replacing three times of total N(Y7).Dry weight of plant roots,the diversity of carbon source utilization of soil microorganisms and other microbial indicators were measured.Concentrated fertilization in ditch can significantly increase root dry weight,root surface area and root configuration,thus increase the ability of root to absorb nutrients and water.The proportion of conventional organic fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer which is most beneficial to root growth is 40%~60%;fruit branch organic fertilizer instead of nitrogen fertilizer can also promote root growth,but the best ratio needs further experimental verification.Local application of organic fertilizer in 0~30 cm root dense area increased the root dry weight,surface area and volume of soil layer to some extent,but decreased the root length.The suitable ratio of conventional organic fertilizer to replace nitrogen fertilizer is 40%~100%,and fruit branch organic fertilizer is less effective than conventional organic fertilizer.Using BIOLOG method to measure soil microbial diversity in different treatments,it was found that in the c

关 键 词：局部配施 有机替代 苹果树根系 土壤微生物 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学] S154.3[农业科学—园艺学]