中国与主要发达国家化肥施用配置及效率对比分析  

Comparation of fertilizer allocation and integrated efficiency between China and major developed countries

作　　者：刘钦普[1] 濮励杰[2] LIU Qin-pu;PU Li-jie(Research Group of Environmental Science and Engineering Key Discipline of Nanjing Xiaozhuang University,Nanjing Jiangsu 211171;School of Geography and Ocean Science,Nanjing University,Nanjing Jiangsu 210093)

机构地区：[1]南京晓庄学院环境科学与工程重点学科组,江苏南京211171 [2]南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,江苏南京210093

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2021年第6期328-335,共8页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目(41230751);国家自然科学基金面上项目(41871083);南京市环境科学与工程重点学科项目(2017-2020)。

摘　　要：结合前期创建的化肥配置效率评价模型,同时采用联合国粮农组织2002~2017年各国农用氮磷钾化肥数据和主要粮食作物收获面积和产量数据,对中国和8个主要发达国家(德国、法国、英国、荷兰、美国、加拿大、日本和韩国)的氮磷钾化肥施用配置及其效率进行研究,为中国农业生产节肥增效和高质量可持续发展决策提供学术参考。研究表明:从2002到2017年,中国和加拿大的化肥施用强度增加较为明显,但其他各国都有不同程度的下降。中国氮磷钾施用比例从1∶0.42∶0.31变化至1∶0.52∶0.46,化肥配置基本合理;德国、法国、英国磷钾施用比例甚低,氮磷钾比例平均从1∶0.25∶0.35变化到1∶0.17∶0.24,荷兰磷钾比例更低、下降更快;美国和加拿大氮磷钾比例变化不大,磷钾比例稍低,目前分别为1∶0.36∶0.40和1∶0.41∶0.17;日本和韩国的磷钾比例甚高,目前氮磷钾比例分别为1∶0.89∶0.81和1∶0.63∶0.65。各国不同的氮磷钾施用模式与其农业发展特点有关,2002~2017年各国化肥施用综合效率除荷兰明显上升外,其他各国基本在水平方向上不同程度地波动变化。中国、德国、法国、英国、荷兰、美国、加拿大、日本、韩国9个国家2015~2017年平均化肥综合效率分别为0.72、0.86、0.83、0.78、0.94、0.80、0.61、0.76、0.79。中国化肥施用是次高投入、中产出,综合效率中等;荷兰是高投入、高产出,综合效率最高;加拿大是低投入、低产出,综合效率最低;法国和德国化肥投入中等、产量高,综合效率高,环境风险小。与大多数发达国家相比,中国节肥增粮潜力很大,可借鉴法国和德国生态农业建设经验和技术,适当降低化肥施用量和磷钾比例,促进农业高质量可持续发展。Based on models of fertilization efficiency assessment set up by authors and data from United Nation Food and Agriculture Organization,this paper comparatively analyzed the nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K)fertilizer allocation and efficiency in China and the developed countries including Germany,France,UK,Netherlands,USA,Canada,Japan and Korea for reducing fertilizer application and high quality sustainable agricultural development in China.The results were as follows:fertilization intensity was increasing in China and Canada from 2002 to 2017,and decreasing in other 7 countries;the proportion of N∶P∶K consumed changed from 1∶0.42∶0.31 to 1∶0.52∶0.46 in China,and the fertilizer allocation was basically reasonable;the application ratio of NPK in Germany,France and UK was very low,and the ratio of NPK changed from 1∶0.25∶0.35 to 1∶0.17∶0.24;the ratio of PK in the Netherlands is lower and the decline is faster.There were little changes of N∶P∶K consumption in USA and Canada with 1∶0.36∶0.40,1∶0.41∶0.17,respectively at present.Meanwhile,Japan and Korea have higher proportion of N∶P∶K with the values of 1∶0.89∶0.81 and 1∶0.63∶0.65,respectively at present.The different application pattern of NPK in various countries are related to the characteristics of their agricultural development.The fertilization integrated efficiency(FIE)of all countries varied with little fluctuation in the horizontal direction,except that Netherlands’s FIE was increasing between 2002 and 2017.Averages of FIE from 2015 to 2017 of China,Germany,France,UK,Netherlands,USA,Canada,Japan,Korea were 0.72,0.86,0.83,0.78,0.94,0.80,0.61,0.76,0.79,respectively.China’s fertilization belonged to sub-high input,mid-output and low FIE;Netherlands was of high input,high output and high FIE;UK,Japan and Korea were of sub-high input,medium FIE;USA and Canada were of medium input-and-FIE and low input-and-FIE,respectively;France and Germany belonged to medium input,sub-high output,sub-high FIE,and low enviro

关 键 词：化肥施用强度 化肥配置效率 化肥综合效率 主要发达国家 

分 类 号：S143[农业科学—肥料学]