污水脱氮功能微生物的组学研究进展  

Advances in omics of functional microorganisms for nitrogen removal in wastewater

作　　者：王彤 汪涵 周明达 冉小川 王伟刚 吴敏[1] 王亚宜[1] WANG Tong;WANG Han;ZHOU Mingda;RAN Xiaochuan;WANG Weigang;WU Min;WANG Yayi(State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse,College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China)

机构地区：[1]同济大学环境科学与工程学院污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室,上海200092

出　　处：《微生物学通报》2021年第12期4844-4870,共27页Microbiology China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(51778446,51978485);上海市国资委技术创新和能级提升项目(2018001)。

摘　　要：生物脱氮是污水处理厂的核心,掌握生物脱氮过程相关微生物代谢特性,对于探索微生物资源和提高污水处理厂脱氮性能具有重要意义。近年来,分子生物学方法不断发展和改进,已被广泛应用于揭示脱氮微生物群落多样性、组成结构和潜在功能等方面,大幅提升了研究者们对污水生物脱氮系统中微生物,尤其是不可培养微生物的代谢机理、抑制调控原理及新型生物脱氮工艺途径的认识。本文对流行的分子生物学方法(16S rRNA基因测序、实时荧光定量PCR技术、宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学和代谢组学)进行了介绍,综述了其在硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、完全氨氧化细菌、厌氧氨氧化细菌、厌氧铁氨氧化细菌、硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化细菌及亚硝酸盐/硝酸盐型厌氧甲烷氧化微生物等方面的研究进展,阐明了这些氮素转化微生物在氮循环过程的代谢途径和酶促反应,并从标准测定方法构建、不同方法的联用及跨学科结合和检测方法的简易化这3个方面展望了分子生物学方法的技术突破及其在污水生物处理系统中的应用前景。本综述从系统角度全面认识脱氮微生物群落及其结构,为未来污水处理生物脱氮微生物的研究提供了新方向。Biological nitrogen removal(BNR) is the key process in wastewater treatment plants,and mastering the metabolic activity of related microorganisms involved in the nitrogen removal process is of great significance for exploring microbial resources potential and improving the nitrogen removal performance of wastewater treatment plants.In recent years,molecular biology methods develop rapidly and has been widely used to reveal the diversity,structure and potential functional genes of the nitrogen removal microorganisms(especially unculturable microorganisms),allowing the role of microorganisms in wastewater BNR system being better clarified.This review introduces the popular molecular biology methods including 16 S rRNA gene sequencing,real-time quantitative PCR,metagenomics,metatranscriptomics,metaproteome,and metabolomics,and summarizes their application in nitrifying bacteria,denitrifying bacteria,complete ammonium oxidizing bacteria,anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria,iron-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria,sulfate-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria,and nitrite/nitrate type anaerobic methane oxidizing microorganisms,as well as clarifies their metabolic pathways and enzymatic reactions in the nitrogen cycle.It also prospects the technological breakthroughs of molecular biology methods and their application prospects in wastewater BNR systems from three aspects,the “construction of standard determination approaches”,“combination of different methods and interdisciplinary combination” and “simplification of detection methods”.This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the nitrogen removal microbial community and its structure from a systematic perspective,and points out new research directions for future study on BNR microorganisms in wastewater treatment.

关 键 词：分子生物学 污水处理 生物脱氮 微生物 

分 类 号：X703[环境科学与工程—环境工程] X172