中古士族在近世--对中国宗族实践的新思考  

China’s Shi-tshu Lineages Since the Song Dynasty--Some New Thoughts on Chinese Family Lineage Practice

作　　者：杜靖[1,2] DU Jing

机构地区：[1]青岛大学法学院 [2]青岛大学中国法律人类学研究中心,山东青岛266071

出　　处：《思想战线》2022年第1期26-41,共16页Thinking

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“16世纪以来黄淮平原上的联宗问题研究”阶段性成果(11BZS072)。

摘　　要：中外历史学家呼应或契合“唐宋变革论”,主张宋代以来各朝代宗族是一个新阶段、新发明和新类型。从思想史和实践人类学论来看,未必尽然,因为宋代以来各地宗族实践的要素及精神都早已在中古乃至先秦时期准备好了,并一直在践行。宋代以来的宗族,不过是历史的实践者在不同社会情境下面对各自的问题而有意识搬取过往诸要素,并任意组合的结果。中古时期的士族及观念并没有随着残唐五代的结束而终止,相反,延续下来。那些士族或大族后裔随着时代的推移,逐渐从世系主干上滑落下来,变成了旁系和普通人。当然,也可能是朝代更替或政治原因而“废贵为庶”。但是,士族、大族的观念仍然在他们意识里,并结合时代语境而演绎,因而不一定全都是“庶民化”或“礼仪向下”的结果,故新形态一说值得再讨论。中国宗族研究要回到人的立场,回到实践者主体性上去理解,才有可能看清其本质。Chinese and foreign historians all regard the Tang and Song dynasties as a transitional period in China’s lineage practice,and all related practice after this period is of new design,new in⁃vention,or new model,but from the perspective of intellectual history and practical anthropology,this may not be the case.For all the elements and themes of lineage practice since the Song Dynasty had already been in place and practiced in medieval and even pre-Qin times.Since the Song Dynasty,the lineage practice has merely been the result of the practitioners who consciously pick up the elements of the past and combine them arbitrarily in the face of their own problems under different so⁃cial situations.The Shi-tsu in the medieval times and its ideas did not end with the end of the Tang and the Five Dynasties.On the contrary,it has endured.With the passage of generations,the de⁃scendants of those nobles or big lineages gradually slipped down from the main pedigree and became the sidelines and ordinary people.Of course,there may be the change of Dynasty or political reasons why they become ordinary.However,the concept of the Shi-tsu and big Lineages is still in their brains.So,it is not necessarily all the result of the popularization or“Spread of etiquette into the little tradition from the great tradition”.So,it is necessary for us to rediscuss the theory about a new form of lineages since Song Dynasties.It is possible to see its essence clearly by returning to the under⁃standing of the practitioner’s subjectivity.

关 键 词：中古士族 近世宗族 唐宋变革论 实践论 历史主体性 

分 类 号：C913[经济管理]