生物炭和氮肥配施对粳稻产量形成、氮肥当季效应及其后效的影响  

Effects of biochar application combined with nitrogen fertilizer on yield formation of japonica rice and the immediate and residual effects of nitrogen

作　　者：何大卫 赵艳泽 高继平[1] 隋阳辉[2] 辛威[3] 易军 张文忠[1] HE Da-wei;ZHAO Yan-ze;GAO Ji-ping;SUI Yang-hui;XIN Wei;YI Jun;ZHANG Wen-zhong(Rice Research Institute,Shenyang Agricultural University/National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Japonica Rice Breeding and Cultivation Technology in North China/Key Laboratory of Northeast Aquatic Rice Biology and Heritage Breeding,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Shenyang,Liaoning 110161,China;Maize Research Institute,Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shenyang,Liaoning 110161,China;College of Agronomy,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin,Heilongjiang 150030,China;Institute of Plant Protection,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chengdu,Sichuan 610066,China)

机构地区：[1]沈阳农业大学水稻研究所/北方粳稻育种栽培技术国家地方联合工程实验室/农业农村部东北水稻生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,辽宁沈阳110161 [2]辽宁省农业科学院玉米研究所,辽宁沈阳110161 [3]东北农业大学农学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150030 [4]四川省农业科学院植物保护研究所,四川成都610066

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2021年第12期2114-2124,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”项目(XLYC2007169,XLYC2002073);国家自然科学基金项目(31501250);辽宁省科学研究经费项目(LSNJC202021);辽宁省科学技术计划项目(2020JH2/10200031)。

摘　　要：【目的】探究不同量生物炭与氮肥配合施用对北方稻田土壤氮含量、植株茎蘖生长、产量构成因素和氮肥的当季效应及后效的影响,为合理利用生物炭提高粳稻产量和氮素利用率提供理论依据。【方法】水稻定位试验于2019—2020年在沈阳农业大学水稻研究所进行。试验设置3个施氮水平:N_(0)(不施氮肥对照)、N_(180)(减施氮肥,N 180 kg/hm^(2))、N_(225)(常规施氮,N 225 kg/hm^(2));3个生物炭施用量:B_(0)(不施生物炭)、B_(15)(低施炭量,生物炭15 t/hm^(2))、B_(45)(高施炭量,生物炭45 t/hm^(2)),共组合为9个处理。氮肥每年按照基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥比例3.6∶2.4∶4施用,生物炭于2019年施入,之后不再施用。于移栽后5天起,定期调查水稻茎蘖动态、生长状况和氮素含量,在收获期测产。在水稻主要生育期取样测定土壤养分含量的变化。【结果】1)生物炭提高了粳稻分蘖盛期和孕穗期稻田土壤全氮含量和碱解氮含量,对灌浆期全氮含量无显著影响,但降低了碱解氮含量。同一施氮量下,B_(15)和B_(45)之间全氮和碱解氮含量均无显著差异(P<0.05)。2)施氮条件下,施用生物炭显著降低了最高分蘖数,但显著提高了有效分蘖数和成穗率(P<0.05),获得了较高的总颖花数。在同一施氮水平下,相较于无炭处理,生物炭的增产效果均表现为低炭量好于高炭量。其中N_(180)B_(15)处理比N_(180)B_(0)处理增产4.4%,N_(225)B_(15)处理比N_(225)B_(0)处理增产3.2%,而N_(180)B_(45)与N_(180)B_(0)、N_(225)B_(45)与N_(225)B_(0)处理的产量水平无显著差异。氮肥减施后(N_(180))产量显著低于常规施氮处理(N_(225)),配合B_(15)处理产量显著增加,达到了常规施氮条件下的产量水平(P<0.05),而配合B_(45)处理较配合B_(15)处理降低了产量。3)生物炭对粳稻的氮素积累量影响表现出年际差异,施用生物炭的第一年(2019年),在N_(180)水平下,粳稻分蘖盛期至灌浆期的氮素积�【Objectives】We investigated the soil nitrogen content,rice growth and yield and nitrogen use efficiency on the first and second year of biochar application under different biochar and nitrogen fertilizer rates of application,to optimize biochar and nitrogen synergistic effect in japonica rice production.【Methods】A 3×3 factorial field experiment was carried out in Liaoning Province between 2019 and 2020.The three nitrogen application levels were no nitrogen fertilizer(N_(0)),low nitrogen(N 180 kg/hm^(2),N_(180))and high nitrogen(N 225 kg/hm^(2),N_(225));while the three biochar rates were 0(B_(0)),moderate(15 t/hm^(2),B_(15))and high(45 t/hm^(2),B_(45)),composing 9 treatment combinations.The tillering dynamics,yield,yield components and N uptake of rice were determined,and soil nutrient status were analyzed at the same time.【Results】1)Both B_(15) and B_(45) increased soil total and available N contents at peak tillering and booting stage of japonica rice,but decreased available N at grain filling stage(P<0.05).2)Compared with B_(0),both B_(15) and B_(45) decreased the maximum tiller number,but increased the effective tiller number(P<0.05),thus increasing the total spikelet number.Under the same N rate,the trend of yield increase was B_(15)>B_(45)>B_(0).The yield of N_(180)B_(15) and N_(225)B_(15) was 4.4%and 3.2%higher than that of N_(180)B_(0),while there was no significant difference between N_(180)B_(45) and N_(180)B_(0),and between N_(225)B_(45) and N_(225)B_(0).Under reduced N level(N_(180)),the yield was significantly decreased by combining with B_(45),while significantly increased by combing with B_(15),and reached the yield level under normal N level(N_(225)).3)The effects of biochar on N uptake of japonica rice varied over the years.In the first year of applying biochar(2019),the N uptake of B_(15) was significantly higher than that of B_(45) at the N_(180) level from peak tillering to filling stage.There was no significant difference between B_(15) and B_(45) at N_(225) level.In 2020,the N up

关 键 词：粳稻 生物炭 产量 氮素利用效率 氮肥当季效应 氮肥后效 

分 类 号：S511.22[农业科学—作物学]