木材生物病害严重区域古建筑木构件树种选择及与生物病害的关系  

Relationship between Wood Species Selection and Biological Diseases of Ancient Building Wooden Components in Severe Wood Biological Diseases Area

作　　者：刘波[1] 付跃进[1] 马星霞[1] 卢芸[1] 王麟 Liu Bo;Fu Yuejin;Ma Xingxia;Lu Yun;Wang Lin(Research Institute of Wood Industry,CAF,Beijing 100091;Ningbo Municipal Institute of Cultural Heritage Management,Ningbo 315000)

机构地区：[1]中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所,北京100091 [2]宁波市文化遗产管理研究院,宁波315000

出　　处：《林业科学》2021年第12期108-121,共14页Scientia Silvae Sinicae

基　　金：中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(CAFYBB2019ZB008);国家自然科学基金项目(31870539,31971588)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究木材生物病害严重区域木结构古建筑木构件用材树种选材原则及与生物病害的关系,深入认识我国古建筑用材的树种配置模式和生物病害规律,为古建筑修缮保护和古代建筑史研究提供科学依据。【方法】以12座木结构古建筑修缮时因病害更换下来的30份旧木构件为研究对象,检测其生物病害种类、位置和程度,在木构件上切取样品,根据样品腐朽程度选用碳蜡包埋或普通制片方法,采用滑走切片机制备15~20μm厚显微切片,光学显微镜观察微观构造和生物病害特征,参照IAWA针叶树和阔叶树木材识别特征一览表,依据国家标准进行木材树种识别和生物病害等级判定。【结果】12座木结构古建筑木构件用材树种涉及12科14属,针阔叶树材占比分别为43.3%和56.7%,其中杉木属、桦木属、杨木属和硬木松是常用树种。浙江省古建筑木构件用材最为丰富,河南、贵州省古建筑木构件用材以阔叶树为主,湖南省古建筑木构件用材以针叶树为主。10种木构件中,承重且体积较大的木构件用材树种主要是杉木、落叶松、银杏、硬木松、桦木、锥木、楠木、栎木、榆木、杨木、番龙眼和厚皮香;非承重且体积较小或装饰用木构件用材树种主要是杉木、桦木、杨木、椴木、榆木和臭椿。14种树种的物理力学强度中等,气干密度和抗弯强度最大的是栎木,最小的是杉木;木材强耐腐及耐腐的树种有9种;易开裂的有4种。木构件受腐朽真菌、木蜂、蠹虫和白蚁等不同程度危害;易受木蜂侵害的树种为杉木、桦木和硬木松,易受蠹虫侵害的树种为硬木松、桦木和杨木,易受白蚁蛀蚀的树种为杉木、榆木、栎木和锥木;所有树种均易受腐朽菌侵害,其中杉木、桦木和杨木占比较大。【结论】木材生物病害严重区域古建筑木构件用材特点存在明显差异,不同木构件用材和同类木构件用材�【Objective】Ancient wooden-structure building is a valuable material for the study of Chinese ancient history,culture,art,science and technology and economy.This study aimed to investigate the selection principle of wood species and the relationships between the principle and biological diseases of wooden components in ancient wooden-structure buildings in severe wood biological diseases area,to understand the wood species allocation pattern and biological disease regulation.It was expected to provide scientific basis for the repair and protection of ancient wooden-structure buildings and for the study of ancient architectural history.【Method】A total of 30 old wooden components replaced when 12 ancient wooden-structure buildings were repaired,were used as objects to detect the types,locations and degrees of biological diseases.Wood samples were taken from wooden components and embedded in carbon wax.15-20μm thick microsections were prepared from embedded wood samples by sliding section microtome.The microstructure and biological diseases characteristics were observed by optical microscope.Wood identification and the grade of biological diseases were determined,according to the identification characteristics list of IAWA softwood and hardwood and the relevant national standards.【Result】The species in wooden components of 12 ancient buildings involved 14 genera and 12 families.The proportion of softwood and hardwood was 43.3%and 56.7%,respectively.Cunninghamia sp.,Betula sp.,Populus sp.and Pinus sp.were commonly used species.Zhejiang Province was the most abundant in wood species used,Henan and Guizhou provinces were mainly hardwood,whereas Hunan Province was dominated by softwood.Among the 10 kinds of wooden components,the wood species of load-bearing and large volume wooden components were mainly composed of Cunninghamia sp.,Larix sp.,Ginkgo sp.,Pinus sp.Betula sp.,Castanopsis sp.,Phoebe sp.,Quercus sp.,Ulmus sp.,Populus sp.,Pometia sp.and Temstriemia sp.,but the wood species of non-essential load-bea

关 键 词：木结构古建筑 木材识别 菌虫危害 腐朽 木蜂 蠹虫 

分 类 号：Q958.15[生物学—动物学] S781.52[农业科学—木材科学与技术]