技术民族主义与美国对苏联、日本的高技术遏制  

Techno-Nationalism and the High-Tech Containment of the United States Against the Soviet Union and Japan

作　　者：林娴岚 Lin Xianlan

机构地区：[1]湖北大学公共管理学院,武汉430062

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2021年第12期130-154,159,160,共27页World Economics and Politics

摘　　要：近年来美国对华高技术遏制日趋猛烈,其措施与冷战期间采用的举措有相似之处。美国针对苏联和日本围绕不同的重点高技术领域采取了形态各异的遏制措施,却呈现出相似的结果:遏制了苏联和日本在特定高技术领域的超越势头,并保持了以该技术及相关产业为核心的国家整体战略优势地位。从基本概念的解析出发,通过引入国家创新体系为自变量展开比较案例的求同归因分析发现:美国在对苏联和日本高技术遏制的过程中均采用了技术民族主义的政策组合。其中,聚焦于对外高技术贸易体系的防御性政策(如依托跨国联盟体系与战略性贸易措施等)更为直观,但作用有限;而聚焦于对内高技术生产体系的进攻性政策(即强化促进自身高技术发展的国家创新体系建设)不易被外界观察,却作用明显。短期内国际技术转移层面的交锋转变为长期内国家制度层面的博弈,后者是决定美国对外高技术遏制成效的关键。当前美国对华高技术遏制同样是组建跨国联盟、实施战略性贸易等外部手段与完善国家创新体系等内部措施并举,但美国也面临高技术发展变化、联盟体系异化以及国内结构分化等方面的挑战。In recent years,the United States has become increasingly fierce in its containment in fields of high-technology against China,and its measures are with similarities to those adopted during the Cold War. At that time,the United States had taken different forms of containment measures against the Soviet Union and Japan around different key high-tech fields respectively, but turned out to show similar results: the United States did have curbed both the Soviet Union’s and Japan’s momentum of transcendence in specific high-tech fields,and maintained its overall strategic advantages in terms of that specific high-technology and the relevant industries as the core. Starting from the analysis of the basic concepts,and through the introduction of national innovation system as an independent variable,a comparative case study has been conducted to identify the causal mechanism. It concludes that in the process of high-tech containments against Soviet Union and Japan,the United States implemented a combination of techno-nationalist policies. Among them,the defensive policy focusing on the foreign technology trading system( such as relying on the transnational system of alliance and strategic trade measures) are intuitive expressions,but their effects are limited;while the offensive policies focusing on the domestic high-tech production system( namely the measures to improve national innovation system for better promoting its own high-tech development) are not easy to be observed by the outside world, but with obvious effects. The confrontation at the level of international technology transfer in the short-term then had been transformed into a game at the national system level in the long-term. The latter is the key to determining the effectiveness of the United States’ foreign high-tech containment. Currently, its high-tech containment against China also involves both external measures such as forming alliances as well as implementing strategic trade,and internal measures of improving national innovation system.Howeve

关 键 词：国际高技术遏制 技术民族主义 联盟体系 战略性贸易 国家创新体系 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]