从殷墟墓葬看商代的社会构成和性质  

On the Social Structure and Nature of Shang Dynasty from the Tombs of Yin Ruins

作　　者：岳占伟[1] Yue Zhanwei

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院考古研究所

出　　处：《南方文物》2021年第5期66-69,共4页Cultural Relics in Southern China

摘　　要：从文献和甲骨文记载以及考古材料看,商代社会是一个等级社会,由商王、贵族、平民、奴隶等多个阶层构成,不同阶层的地位和财富存在着显著差异。从殷墟都邑内孝民屯村南地和大司空村东南地两个族邑墓葬群的统计数据可以看出,高等贵族非常少,中等贵族也很少,低等贵族较少,奴隶也较少,平民人数最多,平民占总人数的三分之二以上。再结合殷墟以往考古发掘的族邑墓葬等级与上面两个族邑基本相同判断,殷墟都邑社会是以平民为主体,商王、贵族和奴隶占比皆小。既如此,商代社会的性质判定为奴隶社会似乎就不太合适了,应该是在商王统领下,诸侯、族尹等贵族直接管辖下,以平民为主体的社会结构。The Shang,according to historical texts,oracle bone inscriptions and archaeological evidence,was a hierarchical society of several classes,including kings,nobles,commoners,and slaves.The rank and wealth of different classes are substantially different.The examination of two lineage-based cemeteries at Xiaomintun South and Dasikongcun Southeast in the Yinxu capital site reveals that the majority are commoners,accounting for more than two-thirds of the total population.There were a very few high-level nobles,a few middle-level nobles,a small number of low-level nobles,and not many slaves.This is consistent with previous findings at Yinxu’s other lineage—based cemeteries.It may be concluded that the social system at Yinxu was dominated by commoners,with a relatively small proportion of royals,nobles,and slaves.It does not seem appropriate to label the Shang as a slave society.The Shang society was hierarchical,with the king at the top and the majority of the population under the direct rule of princes and petty elites.

关 键 词：殷墟墓葬 商代 社会构成 社会性质 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K223[历史地理—历史学]