天井坑的结构与功能  

The Structure of the Heaven-Well Pit and Its Astronomical Function

作　　者：曲安京[1] 段清波[2] QU Anjing;DUAN Qingbo(Institute for Advanced Study in History of Science,Northwest University,Xi’an 710127,China;School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi’an 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学科学史高等研究院,西安710127 [2]西北大学文化遗产学院,西安710127

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2021年第4期481-495,共15页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国历法通史研究”(项目编号:15ZDB029)。

摘　　要：三原县天井岸村的天井坑(34.71°N,108.875°E),是一个汉代的历史遗存。这个巨型的圆台状的深坑,具有复杂的结构。根据探测数据推测,天井坑可能是作为一个国家级的礼制建筑设计的,在接近完工的时候,被覆土掩埋。初步的研究表明:天井坑的地平坑口、中部环道、坑底壕沟构成了一个“三圆三方”的宇宙模型。北坑道的慢坡平台,可以用来观测北极附近星空的周日运动,具有夜间观星的功能。对天井坑结构之天文意义的探讨,揭示了天井坑作为汉代皇帝祭天场所的一个功能。The Heaven-well Pit(34.71°N,108.875°E),located in Sanyuan County,Shaanxi Province,is a historical vestige of the Han dynasty.According to the data of a preliminary archeological investigation,this huge bowl-like deep pit with complex structure might have been designed as a national ceremonial architecture.The bottom of the pit was buried with soil when the construction was about to be completed.The paper reveals the following results:the circles on the horizon,in the middle,and at the bottom of the heaven-well pit constitute a cosmic model of the socalled three-circle&three-square found in the Beida Bamboo of the Qin dynasty.The three platforms on the gentle slope in the north of the pit can be used to observe the motions of stars near the North Pole,Polaris in particular.The astronomical significance of these structures reveals the function of the heaven-well pit as a place for the emperor to offer sacrifice to the Heaven.

关 键 词：汉代 天井坑 宇宙模型 北极星 礼制建筑 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学] P11[天文地球—天文学]