2014~2019年青岛市生活饮用水健康风险评估  

Health risk assessment of drinking water in Qingdao from 2014 to 2019

作　　者：潘璐 王炳玲[1] 王寅 张秀芹[1] 徐春生[1] 李丹丹[1] 段海平[1] NG Xiuqin;XU Chunsheng;LI Dandan;DUAN Haiping(Department of Environmental Health,Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Qindao Institute of Preventive Medicine,Qingdao 266033,Shandong,China)

机构地区：[1]青岛市疾病预防控制中心环境卫生科,青岛市预防医学研究院,山东青岛266033

出　　处：《山东大学学报（医学版）》2021年第12期42-49,57,共9页Journal of Shandong University:Health Sciences

基　　金：国家重大公共卫生专项饮用水和环境健康危害因素监测项目;国家健康风险评估试点建设项目。

摘　　要：目的评价青岛市2014~2019年生活饮用水水质的健康风险,为青岛市生活饮用水卫生管理提供相关依据。方法分析青岛市10个区市2014~2019年间的2 963份生活饮用水水质结果,采用美国国家环境保护署(US EPA)经典"四步法"健康风险评估模型对其中的17种化学污染物进行经口摄入途径的健康风险评估。结果 2014~2019年经口途径摄入饮用水中,对成年人致癌风险最高的为镉(致癌风险为1.94×10^(-5)),其次为铬和砷。大部分污染物的致癌风险在6年内呈现总体下降趋势。非致癌风险最高的为氟化物(危害系数为0.31),其次为硝酸盐氮和砷。致癌风险在男性和女性之间差异均无统计学意义。砷、铬、三氯甲烷和四氯化碳的致癌风险在出厂水和末梢水间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。三氯甲烷在丰水期的致癌风险大于枯水期且差异有统计学意义(P=0.009)。结论青岛市生活饮用水中化学污染物的健康风险低于US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险,初步认为青岛市生活饮用水风险处于可接受水平,不会对成年人群健康产生明显危害。镉、砷和铬的致癌风险及氟化物、硝酸盐氮和砷的非致癌风险相对较高,应在饮用水风险管理中优先关注。Objective To evaluate the health risk of drinking water in Qingdao from 2014 to 2019, and thus to provide the data basis for the drinking water risk management. Methods Totally 2 963 samples of drinking water from 2014 to 2019 in 10 districts of Qingdao were collected, and the risk assessment model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA) was applied to evaluate the health risks caused by 17 chemical pollutants in drinking water. Results The highest carcinogenic risk of adult caused by drinking water was cadmium(carcinogenic risk was 1.94×10^(-5)), followed by chromium and arsenic. The carcinogenic risks of all six chemical pollutants showed an overall downward trend in 6 years. Fluoride had the highest non-carcinogenic risk(hazard quotient was 0.31), followed by nitrate and arsenic. There was no statistically significant difference in carcinogenic risk between men and women. Arsenic, chromium, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride showed statistically different carcinogenetic risks between finished water and tap water(all P<0.05). The carcinogenic risk of chloroform in the high flow period was greater than that in the low flow period(P=0.009). Conclusion The health risk of drinking water in Qingdao is below the maximum acceptable risk level recommended by US EPA. The health risks of 17 chemical pollutants are at an acceptable level and will not cause obvious health risk for adult. The carcinogenic risks of cadmium, arsenic and chromium and the non-carcinogenic risks of fluoride, nitrate nitrogen and arsenic are relatively high, and should be given priority attention in drinking water risk management.

关 键 词：健康风险评估 饮用水 化学污染物 致癌风险 非致癌风险 

分 类 号：R123.1[医药卫生—环境卫生学]