计算社会学的基础问题及未来挑战  

The Pivotal Issues and Challenges of Computational Sociology

作　　者：范晓光[1] 刘金龙 FAN Xiaoguang;LIU Jinlong(Department of Sociology,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China;Department of Sociology,University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 102488,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学社会学系,浙江杭州310058 [2]中国社会科学院大学社会学系,北京102488

出　　处：《西安交通大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第1期38-45,共8页Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University：Social Sciences

基　　金：浙江大学学科交叉预研专项项目;中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目。

摘　　要：计算社会学是计算社会科学和社会学的交叉学科。面对作为典型的复杂性系统的社会,实证社会科学主要面临来自分析对象、研究者和研究设计的不确定性,以社会仿真和大数据分析为主要传统的计算社会科学可以积极应对实证社会科学的不确定性,而作为计算社会科学分支的计算社会学具有学科交叉、基础理论和应用对策并行等特质,在回应实证主义面临的诸多困境时具有明显优势。在此基础上,阐释了计算社会学的概念界定、学科边界、研究范式和研究方法等基础问题,认为计算社会学是以计算科学、数据科学等为主要分析工具,将非介入方式收集的大规模数据与传统数据集相结合,挖掘人类社会和社会互动的规则和模式,用以解释人类行为与社会运行规律的科学。最后,提出化解国家定位与学科自觉、定性与定量、抽样调查与感应器使用等的内在张力是推动中国计算社会学发展面临的主要挑战。Computational sociology is the intersection of computational social science and sociology.Regarding to the uncertainty in the empirical social science that is from the analytical objects,researchers and research design,the approaches of generative social science and data mining can face the challenges above.Meanwhile,computational sociology that is the emerging discipline has significant advantages in dealing with the uncertainty.Then the paper interprets the pivotal issues of computational sociology including concept,disciplinary boundary,paradigm,and method.It indicates that computational sociology is a science that combines non-interventional large-scale data collection with traditional data sets in which computational science and data science are main analytical tools,to excavate the rules and patterns of human society and social interaction to explain human behavior and social operation rules.Easing the tensions are the main challenges to the development of computational sociology in the future of China,which are between state positioning and disciplinary self-consciousness,the qualitative and the quantitative,the sampling and the sensor.

关 键 词：计算社会学 实证社会科学 计算社会科学 社会仿真 数据挖掘 社会预测 社会干预 机器学习 

分 类 号：C91[经济管理]