小麦秸秆还田模式对秸秆腐解及土壤性质的影响  

Effects of Wheat Straw Returning Modes on Straw Decomposition and Soil Properties

作　　者：李祥[1,2] 柯希恒 王树星 曹山朝 张养利 曾桥 王永平 LI Xiang;KE Xiheng;WANG Shuxing;CAO Shanchao;ZHANG Yangli;ZENG Qiao;WANG Yongping(China Key Laboratory of Light Chemical Additives in Light Industry,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Shaanxi University of Science and Technology,Xi’an,Shaanxi 710021;Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology,Xi’an,Shaanxi 710021;Pucheng Experiment Station,Weinan Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Weinan,Shaanxi 715501,China)

机构地区：[1]陕西科技大学化学与化工学院,中国轻工业轻化工助剂重点实验室,陕西西安710021 [2]陕西农产品加工技术研究院,陕西科技大学食品与生物工程学院,陕西西安710021 [3]渭南市农业科学研究所蒲城试验站,陕西渭南715501

出　　处：《贵州农业科学》2022年第1期23-29,共7页Guizhou Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：陕西省创新能力支撑计划项目“苹果枝条资源化利用关键技术集成与示范”(2019XY-03);陕西省重点研发计划“秸秆资源在农田土壤的综合利用技术开发与示范”(2019ZDLNY01-05-02);广西重点研发计划项目“蔬菜废弃物肥料化技术研究与应用示范”(桂科AB19259016);陕西省林业科学院项目“经济林枝条(落叶)最佳肥料化模式构建及推广应用研究”(SXLK2020-0218);西安市科技计划项目“秸秆资源在农田土壤的综合利用技术开发与示范”“设施蔬菜尾菜肥料化利用关键技术研究”(20193051YF039NS039、20NYYF0026);陕西省教育厅产业化项目“利用设施蔬菜尾菜制备新型液体有机肥关键技术与产业化”(21JC003);陕西科技大学教改项目“蔬菜尾菜肥料化技术研究与示范”(19Z009);咸阳市重点项目(2021DYF-GY-0008)。

摘　　要：【目的】探明秸秆腐解及土壤性质对还田模式的响应,为提高秸秆还田质量提供参考。【方法】比较辅助剂添加模式、耕作模式、小麦机械收获模式及微生物菌剂活化模式4种秸秆还田模式下秸秆的腐解率及土壤性质的变化。【结果】在辅助剂添加模式中,秸秆还田+尿素+微生物菌剂+土壤调理剂模式明显优于其他还田模式,还田12个月其秸秆腐解率达100%,并促进土壤团聚体的形成;耕作模式中,深翻播种与深松免耕在还田12个月时秸秆腐解率均为100%;机械收获及微生物菌剂活化模式中,自带营养的活化微生物菌剂与洋马联合收获机处理可提高秸秆腐解率及土壤有机质含量。【结论】小麦成熟期采用洋马联合收获机收获,采用小麦秸秆+尿素+自制微生物菌剂+土壤调理剂的模式还田,下茬耕作采用深耕播种、深松免耕交替进行,微生物菌剂施用时进行活化并带足营养,在上述技术措施条件下,还田10个月小麦秸秆腐解率达100%,并可增加土壤有机质含量,改善土壤结构。【Objective】The response of straw decomposition and soil properties to different straw returning modes is explored to provide a reference for improvement of straw returning quality.【Method】The changes in straw decomposition rate and soil properties of four straw returning modes(additive adding mode,tillage mode,machinery harvest mode and microbial agent activation mode)are studied.【Result】The straw decomposition rate and soil properties of the straw returning+urea+microbial agent+soil conditioner pattern are the highest among four modes in the additive adding mode.The straw decomposition rate under the straw returning+urea+microbial agent+soil conditioner mode reaches 100% after 12 months and the mode promotes formation of soil aggregates.The straw decomposition rate of deep tillage sowing and deep loose no-tillage treatments in tillage mode is up to 100% after 12 months.The activated microbial agent mode and combine harvester mode can increase straw decomposition rate and soil organic matter content.【Conclusion】The comprehensive technical measures of harvesting wheat by the combine harvester,using straw returning+urea+microbial agent+soil conditioner pattern,alternately adopting deep tillage sowing and deep loose no-tillage and applying activated microbial agents result in 100% straw decomposition rate after 10 month,which can increase soil organic matter content and improve soil aggregate structure effectively.

关 键 词：还田模式 秸秆腐解率 土壤性质 耕作模式 菌剂处理 

分 类 号：S216.2[农业科学—农业机械化工程]