俄罗斯联邦国务委员会的起源、发展及作用--基于国家权力结构变迁视角  

The Origin,Development and Role of the State Council of the Russian Federation-Analysis from the Perspective of the Change of State Power Structure

作　　者：郝龙 Hao Long

机构地区：[1]北京大学国际关系学院 [2]莫斯科国立大学

出　　处：《俄罗斯学刊》2022年第1期51-70,共20页Academic Journal of Russian Studies

摘　　要：叶利钦执政早期,国务委员会充分发挥了协调整合行政权力的功能,使俄国家权力结构避免了宪制改革后的严重混乱失衡。1993年《俄罗斯联邦宪法》颁布后,俄罗斯的国家权力结构趋于多元化,国务委员会既无法解决中央层面的总统与立法机关的结构矛盾,又无法解决源自地方分裂主义的“央地”权力结构松散,因而归于沉寂。2000年普京开始执政后重设国务委员会。尤其在2004年“别斯兰事件”发生后,俄罗斯的国家权力结构再度集中,系统性压力激增,国务委员会的作用不断被强化,国务委员会的事务性工作人员得到扩充,工作机制和议事规则得到进一步规范。2008—2012年,国务委员会成为紧密联系“央地”的关键纽带,在一定程度上,维系了国家政治局势的稳定发展。2012年,在普京第三任期,其成功地协调了因“统一俄罗斯”党崛起而引起的联邦中央权力结构张力,缓解了央地行政层面的权力结构矛盾。2020年修宪后,国务委员会的作用向协助总统整合“全联邦”国家权力的方向转变。同时,“国务委员会”获得宪法地位,成为宪法性权力机关。In the early years of Yeltsin's administration,the State Council of the Russian Federation has fully played its role in coordinating and integrating administrative power,thereby letting the state power structure in Russia avoid serious chaos and imbalance after the constitutional reform.After the promulgation of the"Constitution of the Russian Federation"in 1993,the state power structure in Russia has appeared to be diversified.The state council can neither resolve the structural contradiction between the president and the legislature at the central level,nor resolve the conflicts between the central and local level originating from local separatism.After Putin came to power in 2000,the state council was re-activated.After the"Beslan Incident"in 2004,the state power structure in Russia became centralized again and systemic pressure for administration surged.Accordingly,the role of the state council was strengthened,the staff of the State Council were expanded,and the working mechanism and procedure were improved.From 2008 to 2012,the state council became a key mechanism that connects the central and local level and helped to maintain the political stability of the country.In 2012,during Putin's third ruling term,the state council successfully coordinated the tension between the central and local governments caused by the rise of the"United Russia"party.After the constitutional amendment in 2020,the role of the state council has shifted to assist the president in integrating the state power,which is thus granted constitutional status and becomes a constitutional authority.

关 键 词：俄罗斯 国务委员会 国家权力结构 修宪 

分 类 号：D73[政治法律—政治学] D775.122.3[政治法律—中外政治制度]