何为“域外管辖”:溯源、正名与理论调适  

What Is Extraterritoriality:A Retrospective Review,Clarification and Modification of Traditional Theories

作　　者：吴培琦 Wu Peiqi

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学国际法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2022年第1期18-36,共19页NanJing University Law Journal

摘　　要：属地主义以绝对排他性领土管辖权为前提假设,构造了领土管辖与域外管辖相对立的二元结构。然而,如何确切界分域外管辖与领土管辖的问题长期未得到解决。事实上,领土管辖在涉及跨界法律关系时,不可避免地成为域外管辖;与域外管辖相对的不是一般的领土管辖,而是域内管辖,即效力完全位于一国领土内的纯粹领土管辖。因此,属地主义不符合领土管辖权的真实法律特征。国家管辖权理论应摆脱属地主义的束缚,回归1927年“荷花号”案判决,秉持国家域外管辖权之一般自由说。否定属地主义不等于否定领土管辖权,应将领土管辖权视为国家实施域外管辖的基础依据之一。相应的,应将域外管辖理解为“对不完全发生在管辖国领土上之事务的管辖”,而非“对完全发生在管辖国领土外之事务的管辖”。域外管辖的一般自由建立在范围开放的实质联系原则上,故应辩证看待域外管辖措施的合法性,采取合理的管辖方式。对传统管辖权理论作出上述适当调适,有助于我国更好地建设涉外法治、发挥域外管辖的积极作用。The territoriality of domestic law or state jurisdiction seems to be a long-established principle in international jurisdictional theories.This principle is based on a presumption of the absolute territorial jurisdiction,and has therefore set up a dichotomy between territorial jurisdiction and extraterritorial jurisdiction.However,the state practices of jurisdiction have revealed that territorial jurisdiction can step into the domains of extraterritorial jurisdiction when there are transnational relationships in regulated cases.The territorial jurisdiction in general meaning is not entirely contrary to the concept of extraterritorial jurisdiction.It is the intraterritorial jurisdiction as a sort of pure territoriality,rather,that conflicts with extraterritoriality.Therefore,the principle of the territoriality of domestic law has missed the full point of territorial jurisdiction.It is now the time to abandon this ill-fetched principle and return to the majority judgement of the Lotus,which had already admitted that states have a wide measure of discretion to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction,for there are no general prohibitive rules disallowing them to do so.Since territorial jurisdiction have the effect of extraterritorial jurisdiction,the former shall be regarded as one of the principles by which states can assert their extraterritorial jurisdiction,and the latter shall be understood as states 'competence to regulate events not absolutely occurring on their territories.The general discretion of states to regulate extraterritorial events is limited by substantial connection whose category is unlimited,so it is necessary to hold a dialectical view when judging the legitimacy or reasonableness of a regulating measure.To make an appropriate modification of traditional jurisdictional theories will be unavoidable for China to pursue its goal of good global governance by using extraterritorial means.

关 键 词：领土管辖 域内管辖 域外管辖 属地主义 “荷花号”案 

分 类 号：D997[政治法律—国际法学]