长期施磷对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤无机磷形态的影响  

Effects of long-term phosphorus application on winter wheat yield and soil inorganic phosphorus forms in dryland

作　　者：田怡 刘静 张婷婷 王润泽 惠晓丽[1] 李超 马清霞 王朝辉[1,2] TIAN Yi;LIU Jing;ZHANG Ting-ting;WANG Run-ze;HUI Xiao-li;LI Chao;MA Qing-xia;WANG Zhao-hui(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学/旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2022年第1期94-103,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家现代农业产业技术体系资助(CARS-03);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200400)。

摘　　要：【目的】旱地石灰性土壤上磷肥利用率普遍较低,研究长期施用磷肥对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤无机磷形态及有效性的影响,为合理施磷提供理论依据。【方法】基于2004年在陕西杨凌开始的长期定位试验,设置施P_(2)O_(5)0、50、100、150 kg/hm^(2)共4个施磷水平。于2009、2013、2017年小麦收获期采样、测产,并分析植株和籽粒磷含量;同时取0-20 cm耕层土样,分析土壤无机磷形态及有效性变化。【结果】回归分析表明,旱地石灰性土壤上施P_(2)O_(5)118 kg/hm^(2)时,小麦达到最高产量5174 kg/hm^(2),对应的籽粒吸磷量为14.5 kg/hm^(2)。施P_(2)O_(5)达到100 kg/hm^(2)时,土壤有效磷含量2009年至2017年间显著增加28.9%~35.4%。连续9年每年施用P_(2)O_(5)100 kg/hm^(2),土壤有效磷含量平均增加0.73 mg/(kg·a)。Ca_(2)-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P的含量随施磷量的增加而显著增加。施P_(2)O_(5)150 kg/(hm^(2)·a)时,Ca_(2)-P和Al-P含量随施肥年限延长而增加,Ca_(8)-P随施肥年限延长而降低;施P_(2)O_(5)150 kg/(hm^(2)·a)时,Ca_(10)-P含量显著低于其他施磷处理。Ca_(10)-P减少时,Ca_(2)-P增加,同时有效磷含量也提高。不同形态无机磷的有效性表现为Ca_(2)-P>Al-P>Ca_(8)-P>Fe-P>O-P>Ca_(10)-P。【结论】长期不施磷肥土壤磷素处于亏缺状态,Ca_(8)-P、Al-P可转化为Ca_(2)-P。年施P_(2)O_(5)超过50 kg/hm^(2)时,磷素主要以Ca_(2)-P、Al-P、Ca_(8)-P在土壤中积累。基于本研究结果,维持小麦持续丰产,持续培肥地力的最优施磷量为每年P_(2)O_(5)118 kg/hm^(2)。【Objectives】Due to the low efficiency of phosphorus(P)fertilizer in calcareous soil,we studied the variation of soil P forms and their availability to crop under long-term application of P fertilizer,to provide a theoretical basis for optimal P application.【Methods】The long-term experiment,established in 2004,was located in Yangling,Shaanxi Province.The tested P_(2)O_(5) application rates were 0,50,100,and 150 kg/hm^(2).The wheat plant samples were collected during 2009,2013,and 2017 harvesting periods for the investigation of yield and P uptake,as well as the inorganic P forms and available P in the soil at 0–20 cm depth.【Results】Regression analysis revealed that the P_(2)O_(5) application rate was 118 kg/hm^(2) for the highest wheat yield(5174 kg/hm^(2))and the highest grain P uptake(14.5 kg/hm^(2)).When the P_(2)O_(5) rate reached 100 kg/hm^(2),the Olsen-P in 0–20 cm soil layer was increased significantly by 28.9%–35.4%from 2009 to 2017,with the annual increase of 0.73 mg/kg in Olsen-P content by every 100 kg/hm^(2) of P_(2)O_(5) input per year.When the P_(2)O_(5) rate exceeded 100 kg/hm^(2),the Ca_(2)-P,Al-P,Fe-P and O-P contents in soil were increased significantly,and the Ca_(2)-P and Al-P kept increasing as experimental years progressed,while Ca_(8)-P was decreased.At more than 150 kg/hm^(2) P_(2)O_(5) rate,the Ca_(10)-P were decreased significantly compared with other treatments.The decrease in Ca_(10)-P was accompanied with increases in Ca_(2)-P and Olsen-P.The availability of inorganic P forms descended in order:Ca_(2)-P>Al-P>Ca_(8)-P>Fe-P>O-P>Ca_(10)-P.【Conclusions】Without P application,there is deficit of P in calcareous soils.The Ca_(2)-P is mainly supplemented by Ca_(8)-P and Al-P.When surplus,soil P is mainly accumulated in the forms of Ca_(2)-P,Al-P and Ca_(8)-P.Based on the regression of wheat yield,P uptake and P application rate,the optimal annual P_(2)O_(5) application rate is 118 kg/hm^(2).

关 键 词：小麦 产量 有效磷 无机磷形态 最佳施磷量 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]