京津冀地区牧场犊牛饲养管理现状分析及建议  

Current Situation of Dairy Calf Rearing and Management in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

作　　者：张昊雪 胡凤明[1] 鲁琳[2] 龙燕 马长永 屠焰[1] ZHANG Haoxue;HU Fengming;LU Lin;LONG Yan;MA Changyong;TU Yan(Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition,Institute of Feed Research,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;College of Animal Science and Technology,Beijing University of Agriculture,Beijing 102206,China;Beijing Yanqing District agricultural technology extension station,Beijing 102199,China;Animal Epidemic prevention Station in Cuicun,Changping District,Beijing 102200,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院饲料研究所,奶牛营养学北京市重点实验室,北京100081 [2]北京农学院动物科学技术学院,北京102206 [3]北京市延庆区农业技术推广站,北京102199 [4]北京市昌平区崔村动物防疫站,北京102200

出　　处：《中国畜牧杂志》2022年第1期268-274,共7页Chinese Journal of Animal Science

基　　金：奶牛产业技术体系北京市创新团队(BAIC06)。

摘　　要：犊牛的健康不仅关系生产者的经济效益、动物福利,而且关系奶牛养殖业的良性发展以及公共卫生防疫安全和人类健康。研究表明早期营养调控和饲养管理可改善犊牛生长发育。因此,针对不同规模牧场犊牛饲养现状进行调研分析,有利于提高牧场的综合防治水平,减少犊牛的死亡率。本次调研通过调查问卷和调研走访的形式对京津冀地区的34个牧场展开调研,调研内容包括产犊管理、初乳管理、饲养管理和犊牛健康状况。调研结果发现:京津冀地区妊娠母牛管理相对较好,单产率95%,难产率6%,围产期死亡率3.3%;京津冀地区初乳质量检测和初乳饲喂总量还相对较低,74%的牧场进行初乳质量检测和巴氏消毒,29%的牧场初乳只灌服1次,6~12 h内初乳饲喂总量仅47%的牧场满足6~8 L;京津冀地区牧场在哺乳期犊牛疫病防控检测方面相对不足,仅12%牧场在犊牛出生后的1~5 d内检测血清总蛋白浓度,9%的牧场进行腹泻病毒BVD的检测,口蹄疫、布氏杆菌、BVD疫苗注射均不到1/3;在断奶过程中缺少相应的措施,21%的牧场没有断奶应激预防措施;京津冀地区牧场犊牛发病率和死亡率相对较低。由此可见,京津冀地区牧场犊牛饲养管理措施相对比较完善,发病率和死亡率相对较低,但牧场在初乳质量检测、初乳饲喂总量、疫病防控检测及断奶应激预防措施方面相对不足,需要进一步加强妊娠母牛管理、初乳质量管理,增加应激预防措施,加强疫病防控措施。The health of calves is not only related to the economic benefit and animal welfare of producers,but also related to the benign development of dairy industry,public health and epidemic prevention safety and human health.Studies have shown that early nutrition regulation and feeding management can improve calf growth and development.Therefore,it is beneficial to improve the level of comprehensive control and reduce the mortality of calves to investigate and analyze the current situation of calf rearing in different scale pastures.Through questionnaires and interviews,34 pastures in The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were investigated,including calving management,colostrum management,feeding management and calf health status.The results showed that:the management of pregnant cows in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was relatively good.The yield rate per unit area was 95%,the dystostoia rate was 6%,and the perinatal mortality rate was 3.3%.In The Beijing-Tianjing-Hebei region,the colostrum quality test and the total amount of colostrum feeding were relatively low.74%of the pastures had colostrum quality test and pasteurization,29%of the pastures had colostrum administered only once,and the total amount of colostrum feeding within 6-12 hours was only 6~8 L in 47%of the pastures.In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the detection of the prevention and control of lactation calf disease was relatively insufficient.Only 12%of the pastures tested the serum total protein concentration within 1-5 days after birth,and 9%of the pastures tested the diarrhea virus BVD.Less than 1/3 of the pastures were vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease,Brucella and BVD.In the process of weaning,there were no measures to prevent weaning stress.calf ranch beijing-tianjin-hebei region relatively low morbidity and mortality.Thus,Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region pasture calves breeding management measures is relatively perfect,the morbidity and mortality rates are relatively low,but the ranch in colostrum quality inspection,total quantity of colostrum f

关 键 词：牧场 饲养管理 发病率 死亡率 犊牛 

分 类 号：S823.4[农业科学—畜牧学]