中国规模化牧场后备奶牛饲养管理现状  

Analysis of the Situation of Calves and Heifers Management in China Large-Scale Dairy Farms

作　　者：肖鉴鑫 刘帅 邹雄 宋浩桐 陈天宇 曹志军[1] XIAO Jian-xin;LIU Shuai;ZOU Xiong;SONG Hao-tong;CHEN Tian-yu;CAO Zhi-jun(State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition,College of Animal Science and Technology,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学动物科学技术学院/动物营养学国家重点实验室,北京100193

出　　处：《中国奶牛》2022年第1期52-59,共8页China Dairy Cattle

基　　金：中国农业大学2115人才工程(00109017)。

摘　　要：后备奶牛饲养管理是牧场牛群管理工作的重要组成部分。调研结果显示,在我国规模化牧场中,饲喂常乳的牧场占比最高,为70.6%,饲喂代乳粉的牧场占比达57.7%,并有38.5%的牧场饲喂废弃乳。在牛奶饲喂量方面,有6%的牧场哺乳期喂奶量在300kg/头以下,大部分牧场(48.8%)喂奶量在400~600kg/头之间,也有部分牧场哺乳期喂奶量达700~800kg/头。在粗饲料补饲方面,有22.0%的牧场选择在哺乳期饲喂粗干草,补饲干草的类型主要为燕麦干草,占比达90.1%。在饲养方式上,哺乳犊牛单栏饲养比例达60%以上,而小群饲养比例约为20%,断奶犊牛主要采用群养的方式饲养。在育成牛和青年牛饲喂方面,83.3%的牧场选择每天饲喂2次育成牛,仅有3.6%的牧场选择每天饲喂3次育成牛;分别有43.4%和43.3%的牧场选择每天饲喂2次和3次青年牛,并且94.4%的牧场选择不对青年牛进行限饲。此外,在育成牛和青年牛日粮营养成分上,不同牧场间差别较大。从调研结果可以看出,牛奶饲喂、粗饲料补饲和饲养方式在不同牧场间差别较大,这主要与各牧场的管理水平、饲养理念、饲料资源、气候条件等相关。Feeding management is an indispensable component of farm herd management. Whole milk was the main liquid diet fed to calves on large-scale dairy farms, accounting for 70.6% of all farms. On the other hand, 57.7%included milk replacer in their liquid diet, while 38.5% fed mainly waste milk. As for milk feeding allowance, 6% of the farms fed less than 300 kg/head of milk, while most farms(48.8%) fed 400-600 kg/head during the preweaning period. Some farms fed close to 700-800 kg/head milk. As for forage feeding, 22.0% of farms chose to feed forage to preweaning calves, with oat hay being the most common forage(90.1%). During preweaning, the proportion of individually housed calves was more than 60%, whereas the proportion of small-scale group housing was around 20%. Postweaning calves were raised mainly in groups. Regarding feeding heifers, 83.3% of farms fed the prepubertal heifers twice, while only 3.6% fed three times per day. This proportion changed, such that 43.4 and 43.3%of farms fed pregnant heifers 2 and 3 times per day, respectively. 94.4% of the farms did not restrict the amount of feed supplied to heifers. In addition, there was a big difference in the nutritional composition of heifers’ diets across different farms. These results indicated that milk feeding, forage inclusion and feeding patterns vary greatly among different dairy farms, which are mainly related to the level of management, feeding philosophy, feed resources and climatic conditions of each farm.

关 键 词：规模化牧场 后备奶牛 饲养管理 

分 类 号：S823.4[农业科学—畜牧学]