解释与沟通:作为媒介的古代谣言  

Interpretation and Communication:Rumor as Media in Ancient China

作　　者：米湘月 Mi Xiangyue

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学新闻学院

出　　处：《新闻与传播研究》2021年第12期92-106,128,共16页Journalism & Communication

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金重大规划项目“中国传播思想史与古典文献研究”(项目编号:18XNLG07)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：古代中国有关"谣言"的观念史与实践史存在脱节:古人一方面抱持着谣言"不官而衡至者,君子慎之"的负面态度,另一方面又认可并在实践中发挥其政治功用。古代谣言多以口语形式流传,谣言天然具有"社会环境"、"传播形式"、"渠道"三重媒介隐喻。谣言的"环境"媒介隐喻回应了"在言论并非自由的古代社会中为何谣言层出不穷"之问:谣言治理的制度设计变迁反映了政治哲学、社会文化的过程性变化。谣言滋生于谣言治理的制度设计与社会关系两者的间隙,指向非制度化关系的策略性应用以及背后的社会结构因素。"传播形式"的媒介隐喻解决了谣言如何传播的问题:口语偏向的谣言具有原创、传统、通俗、贴近现实等特点,多有对仗、比喻等修辞。谣言在传播中常有变异,既能成为官方维系社会稳定的工具,又可以成为民意表达的灵活方式,亦是政治博弈、舆论造势的手段,推动社会各阶层的信息互动。作为渠道的媒介关涉谣言的内容特征与作用:谣言的文本呈现超自然主义、历史性叙事的特点,通过阴阳五行、神话人物投射当下社会议题。谣言的功用从朴素的预测凶吉演变为寻求政治与社会议题的解释与沟通。In Chinese history,the conceptual history of rumor was inconsistent with the practice of rumor.Rumor was seen as negative,yet its political function was also recognized and put into practice.Rumors spread orally in ancient China,which was the natural media containing three types of metaphors.The environment metaphor responded to the question why rumor abounded.The changes of rumor control system reflected the changes of political philosophy and social culture.Rumors arose due to non-institutionalized relations and the social structure.The language metaphor answered the question of how rumors spread.Oral rumors,which often varied in transmission with antithesis and metaphor,were original,traditional,popular,and close to reality.Rumors can be many things:a tool for authorities to maintain social stability,a flexible way of expressing public opinion,a method of political game and public opinion shaping.The conduit metaphor is concerned with the text and functions of rumor.The text of rumors was characterized by supernaturalism and historical narration,projecting current social issues through Yin and Yang,five elements,and mythological figures.The function of rumor evolved from predicting future fortunes to seeking explanation and communication of political and social issues.

关 键 词：古代谣言 媒介 口语文化 政治传播 

分 类 号：G206[文化科学—传播学]