英帝国与殖民地自由贸易权问题——以初创期新南威尔士为中心的考察  

The British Empire and the Right of Free Trade of the British Colonies:Taking an Examination on New South Wales during Its Early Founding Period

作　　者：徐桑奕 Xu Sangyi

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2021年第6期40-53,152,153,共16页World History

摘　　要：18世纪末至19世纪初,英国正处在第一帝国失败后的反思与转型时期,日渐式微的重商主义与不断成长的贸易自由主义形成博弈。1788年,英国新南威尔士殖民地宣告成立。殖民地人民因生存和发展的需要,在初创期便开始对自由贸易权利进行声索。随着捕鲸业以及其他产业的发展,新南威尔士殖民地的经贸潜力被英国国内利益集团所重视。为了减轻财政负担,英国政府对殖民地的贸易政策开始转变,通过了一系列有利于新南威尔士开展贸易的律令,同时在一定程度上削弱了东印度公司的贸易垄断权。19世纪初,新南威尔士获得进行有限贸易的许可,而东印度公司的特权逐渐被撤销,这反映出转型时期英帝国内部利益的重新分配。新南威尔士也凭借其资源禀赋,在日后的英帝国体系中起到更为重要的作用。In 1788,the New South Wales Colony was founded.Before the founding of this colony,some farsighted people in Britain have realised its resource and potential.Nevertheless,after the founding of the colony,colonial people claimed the free trade from the British government on the basis of their needs for living and development.However,the franchise of East India Company was a huge obstacle to their efforts.With the advance of whaling and other industries,the economic and trade potential of the colony was admitted by the interest group in Britain who assisted the colony to strive for the right of free trade.Considering the lightening of the financial burden,the British government changed its attitude to some extent,issued a series of laws and regulations to eliminate some trade restrictions and undermined the privileges of East India Company.With the help of some key figures,such as Joseph Banks,the colony made breakthrough around the early 19 thcentury,in which it obtained limited trade permission from the British government.Moreover,East India Company gradually lost its privileges.It can be concluded that this was a typical redistribution-of-interest matter in the transition period of the British Empire,during which the position and inclination of the government was really counted.Besides,as the thought of free trade prevailed,the existing system of mercantilism and monopoly speedily fell to collapse,New South Wales was to get rid of those trade constraints,take steps to fulfill its talents and play an increasingly important role in the British Empire.

关 键 词：英帝国 新南威尔士 东印度公司 贸易垄断 贸易自由 捕鲸业 

分 类 号：K561.43[历史地理—历史学] F755.61[历史地理—世界史]