论印度人民党的右翼民粹主义动员策略及效果  

On the Mobilization Strategy and Efficacy of Right Wing Populists of Bharatiya Janata Party in India

作　　者：谢超 Xie Chao

机构地区：[1]复旦大学国际问题研究院

出　　处：《南亚研究》2021年第4期110-135,155,156,共28页South Asian Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金资助。

摘　　要：本文主要从功能主义角度审视民粹主义的动员作用,认为民粹动员主要是通过民众分化和道德审判以实现对民众政治代表性的道德垄断,促使民众在显性政治议题上选边站队,制造民众二元对立的局面,从而服务于自己获取和保持执政权力的目标。在印度国民志愿服务团及其最高领导人的持续影响之下,印度人民党主要从右翼的印度教民族主义意识形态出发,在宗教文化议题上开展民众分化和道德批判等民粹动员步骤,致力于实现基于大众的、本土文化的印度国族再造。在瓦杰帕伊和阿德瓦尼时期,印度人民党曾经依靠右翼民粹动员策略上台执政,但在执政期间降低了民粹动员力度。与瓦杰帕伊不同,莫迪上任以来印度人民党的右翼民粹动员不仅停留在选举造势阶段,而是将民粹动员常态化,其任内整个印度社会都不断处于动员状态。这一策略取得明显效果。2019年大选前印度人民党依靠右翼民粹动员提振了因经济改革乏力导致的低迷选情,莫迪成功实现了连任;右翼民粹动员策略还帮助莫迪政府摆脱了新冠疫情防控失败等方面的责任。莫迪政府呈现出明显的动员能力强、治理能力弱的特点。This article considers the effects of populist mobilization from a functionalist perspective.It argues that populist mobilization tacticsserve to divide the public by making sharp moral judgements to achieve a moral monopoly over political representation of the people.This in turn causes the public to take sides on salient issues,bifurcating the population,and serving the regime’s objectives of obtaining and maintaining power.Under the ongoing influence of India’s Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh(RSS)and its leaders,India’s Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)follows a right-wing Hindu Nationalist approach,using populist mobilization tactics such as dividing the public and making strong moral judgements on religious issues.It aims to re-create a Hindu Rashtra they perceive representing local popular culture.During the time of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and L.K.Adwani,BJP relied on right-wing populist mobilization strategies to become the ruling party,but during its administration it softened populism rhetorics.Since the Modi government took office,BJP has continued right-wing nationalist mobilization that it advanced during the elections,thereby normalizing populist mobilization within Indian society through continuous campaigns throughout Modi’s term.This approach has been very effective,as the BJP was able to use populist mobilization tactics during the 2019 elections to successfully win a new term in office despite the government’s failures in advancing economic reforms.Rightwing popular mobilization strategies have further helped the Modi government avoid having to take responsibility for its failures in preventing and containing COVID-19 pandemic.As such,we can characterize the Modi Administration as being strong in its popular mobilization capacity,but weak in its ability to govern.

关 键 词：印度教民族主义 印度人民党 右翼民粹 莫迪政府 民众动员 

分 类 号：D735.1[政治法律—政治学]