鸟类对新疆农区的危害评估和预防探讨  

Assessment and Prevention of the Bird Damage in the Agricultural Areas of Xinjiang,the Northwest of China

作　　者：马鸣[1] 陈文杰 李都 李军伟 梅宇[1] 买尔旦·吐尔干[1] MA Ming;CHEN Wen-Jie;LI Dou;LI Jun-Wei;MEI Yu;Mardan Turghan(Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Urumqi 830011;Forest Branch of Hotan District Public Security Bureau,Hotan 848000,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,乌鲁木齐830011 [2]和田地区公安局森林,分局和田848000

出　　处：《动物学杂志》2022年第1期19-28,共10页Chinese Journal of Zoology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(No.31572292,31272291,30970340);国家科技部项目(No.2008BAC39B04);生态环境部生物多样性保护重大工程专项:。

摘　　要：长期以来,鸟类对人类造成的危害一直是一个世界性的问题,涉及到多个行业,造成经济损失,且难以防控。本文旨在摸清对新疆农业造成损失的鸟类种类及危害程度,阐述鸟类出没规律,进而提出科学有效的防治措施。2019至2021年,基于样线法、问卷法、田间观测与取样法、防鸟粘网计数、物种鉴定与胃容物解剖等,在新疆的墨玉、乌什、拜城和昌吉大范围布设观测点,对农田、果园、水库等典型生境进行调查,得出现有害鸟种类以及受害的类型、损失程度、预防措施、经济补偿等,最后完成鸟害评估。共记录到对农业有害鸟类10目19科40属49种(类),已超出了新疆鸟类种数的10%。它们危害作物包括玉米、小麦、水稻、葡萄、红枣、油葵等,其中以冬小麦(52.9%)和酿酒葡萄(14.4%)损失较大。除此以外,也会对收获中的土豆、西瓜、甜瓜、核桃、草莓、枸杞等构成危害。对于整个调查区域而言,鸟类光顾或平均取食的概率约为28.6%,呈由北向南递减的规律(R^(2)=0.893,P<0.05)。抽样分析,估计一些地方收成减产或损失达26.6%。即使如此,当地农民却较少采取预防措施,仅有18.0%的农户采取了防范措施(如大喇叭、粘鸟网、稻草人、驱鸟剂等)。目前,保险理赔与政府补贴微乎其微,低于9.53%或无。最后,笔者探讨了国内外驱鸟与粮食安全措施,包括生物防治、化学驱鸟和物理恐吓等。--些方法会伤及无辜种类,如一些猛禽和食虫鸟类。未来鸟类与人类的冲突将会愈演愈烈,同时折射出野生动物生存与人类发展之间的尴尬处境。其实,有效地防止鸟害,也是为了更好地保护鸟类。Damage or loss from bird activity is a worldwide concern,impacting many industries(including agriculture,forestry,fisheries,and electric power distribution),aircraft safety,epidemic disease transmission,and human health.Bird damage can cause huge economic losses,and it is difficult to prevent and control.[Objectives]Our goal is to compile a list of birds which damages to crops in Xinjiang Provence,the northwest of China.On the basis of understanding their patterns of activity,we propose effective control measures.[Methods]Our study was based on transect censuses,questionnaires,bird counts in mist-nets,and bird stomach contents.We set up observation points in Moyu,Wushi,Baicheng and Changji counties,with a latitudinal span from N 37°to N 44°,and a range of habitat types including farmland,orchard and reservoirs,over the period from 2019 to 2021.Different hazard levels were preliminarily divided through field observations,bird quantity census,feed intake and questionnaire analysis(n=881 persons or families),(Table 1).[Results]A total of 49 bird species were recorded in 40 genera,19 families and 10 orders harmful to agriculture,which has exceeded more than 10%of the number of bird species in Xinjiang.These species mainly damaged com,wheat,rice,grapes,dates,oil sunflower,potatoes,watermelons,common melons,walnuts,strawberries,and Chinese wolfberry.Among these losses,winter wheat(52.9%)and wine grape(14.4%)were the most significant.For the whole investigation area,the probability of bird presence is about 28.6%(Table 2),which decreases from north to south(R2=0.893,P<0.05).In some places,it is estimated that the harvest could be damaged by approximately 26.6%.Only 18.0%of farmers use big horns,mist-nets,scarecrows,chemicals,or other measures to take preventive measures.At present,insurance claims and government subsidies are very small,less than 9.53%(sometimes no any relief or compensation).In order to prevent harm,some farmers have set up sticky bird nets or traps in the farmland.The most common birds caught by the

关 键 词：人鸟冲突 田野调查 损失程度:鸟害 防范措施:粮食安全 新疆 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学] S763[农业科学—森林保护学]