股东出资义务的请求权主体研究——兼评《民法典》合伙合同、利他合同条款  

Study on Claimants for Unpaid Subscriptions from Shareholders:A Concurrent Comment on Partnership Contract and Third-party Beneficiary Contract in the Civil Code of PRC

作　　者：张其鉴 Zhang Qijian

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学法学院

出　　处：《法商研究》2022年第1期114-127,共14页Studies in Law and Business

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(20FYB025);全国人大法工委委托研究课题;2021年度“中央民族大学青年教师科研能力提升计划”项目(2021QNPY59)。

摘　　要：确定股东出资义务的请求权主体存在请求权基础、公司法自创规则两条路径。前者有奠基性意义,在该路径下,应厘清出资义务的约定基础、法定基础,注重债法与公司法并用的系统思维。本源性的出资义务是约定的,表现为股东协议、公司章程,其区别于法定产生的出资义务衍生体。股东协议是组织性合同,依《中华人民共和国民法典》合伙合同、利他合同条款,出资义务请求权人应包括公司、其他股东,但公司法特殊价值会对出资义务抗辩权等产生抑制作用。章程性质依内容不同具有可分性,其出资条款应界定为组织性合同,请求权主体也包括公司、其他股东。其他股东对出资义务请求有独立利益,组织法不应排除其出资义务请求权。债权人取得出资义务请求权是法定的,须符合法定构成要件。公司法修订时,应明确公司、其他股东的出资义务请求权源于股东协议、公司章程。There are two ways to determine who are qualified to claim for unpaid subscriptions, namely from the perspective of the basis of right of claim or special rules created by corporation law, and the former one is fundamental. From the basis of right of claim, claimants qualified for unpaid subscriptions rely on the bases generating obligations for pay-in subscriptions, and it is a necessity to clarify the agreed base, statutory base and their mutual relationship. The original base generating obligations for pay-in subscriptions is an agreed one which in practice are shareholders’ agreement and articles of association. The shareholders’ agreement is an organizational contract relying on which other shareholders and the corporation are qualified claimants according to partnership contract and third-party beneficiary contract of the Civil Code of PRC, but this contractual relationship is to be twisted because of special values of corporation law. The pay-in subscriptions clause in articles of association should be defined as organizational contract according to their contexts, and other shareholders and corporation have capacity to enforce pay-in obligations. Other shareholders have independent interest in pay-in subscriptions claim, and the organization law cannot exclude their claim right. On a legal base, the creditors obtain the right to claim for unpaid subscriptions when statutory requirements are satisfied. When revising corporation law, it is necessary to specify that other shareholders and the corporation are claimants based on shareholders’ agreement and articles of association.

关 键 词：出资义务请求权主体 请求权基础 股东协议 公司章程 《民法典》 

分 类 号：D922.291.91[政治法律—经济法学] D923[政治法律—法学]