再论标准和标准化的基本概念  

Re-discuss the Meaning of Standards and Standardization

作　　者：王平[1] WANG Ping(China National Institute for Standardization)

机构地区：[1]中国标准化研究院

出　　处：《标准科学》2022年第1期6-14,共9页Standard Science

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国标准治理与全球贸易规则重构研究”(项目编号:17ZDA099)资助。

摘　　要：本文是作者再次对标准和标准化的概念进行讨论。首先讨论的是标准化的目的、主体和对象。作者认为标准化的目的是控制、有序化和统一化;标准化的主体是人/机构;标准化对象可以是具体的或抽象的事物,也可以是它们的组合;任何事物都可以抽象地表达为实体(entity)。第二,作者讨论了标准和标准化的本质以及它们的作用;认为从内容角度看,标准是匹配问题解决方案,也是为标准化对象规定需要满足的要求;从实施角度看,标准是规则;标准化则是制定、实施、传播标准的过程;标准的作用是能够创建并组织现实世界,并能够为相关方建立互相交流和共同理解的基础;标准化的作用是对创新方案进行选择和简化,阻止现实世界过度无序化发展,形成复杂化和简化之间的平衡。第三,作者讨论了标准的记录形式、自愿/强制属性和时空范围,认为标准的记录形式有文件、样品、图形符号、物理表达等多种形式;标准具有选择的自愿性和实施的强制性;标准在时空范围内是有限的。文章的结尾给出了理解标准化概念的框架。This paper is again a discussion on the concepts of standards and standardization. The author first discusses the purpose, subject and object of standardization. The author then argues that the purpose of standardization is control,orderliness and uniformity;the subject of standardization is people/institutions;the object of standardization can be concrete or abstract things, or a combination of them;anything can be expressed abstractly as an entity. Secondly, the author discusses the nature of standards and standardization and their roles. The author argues that from the content perspective, standards are the solutions to matching problems and specifying requirements to be met for standardization objects;from the implementation perspective, standards are rules;standardization is the process of developing, implementing, and disseminating standards;the role of standards is to be able to create and organize the reality, and to be able to establish a basis for mutual communication and common understanding among interested parties;the role of standardization is to select and simplify innovative schemes,to stop the excessive disorderly development of the real world, and to create a balance between complexity and simplification.Third, the author discusses the record forms, voluntary/mandatory attributes, and spatio-temporal scope of standards, arguing that standards are recorded in various forms such as documents, samples, graphic symbols, and physical representations;standards are voluntary in choice and mandatory in implementation;and standards are limited in the spatio-temporal scope.A framework for understanding the concept of standardization is given at the end of the article.

关 键 词：标准 标准化 统一化 有序化 实体 匹配问题 解决方案 规则 控制 简化 

分 类 号：F203[经济管理—国民经济]