基于逐时观测的1971-2010年中国大陆雷暴气候特征  

Thunderstorm climatology over China's Mainland based on hourly observations during 1971-2010

作　　者：张恒进 郑永光 ZHANG Hengjin;ZHENG Yongguang(Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;National Meteorological Centre,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中国气象科学研究院,北京100081 [2]国家气象中心,北京100081

出　　处：《气象学报》2022年第1期54-66,共13页Acta Meteorologica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1507504、2017YFC1502003);国家自然科学基金项目(42175017)。

摘　　要：目前尚没有研究给出中国大陆长时间序列的小时分辨率雷暴气候特征。基于1971-2010年全国796个国家级基本基准站逐时雷暴观测数据,给出中国逐时雷暴的时、空演变和持续时间等气候分布特征,获得了一些新的事实。中国总体年平均雷暴时数与雷暴日数空间分布形态较为接近,但年平均雷暴日数高值区的青藏高原地区不同,其年平均雷暴时数较小,表明其对流活动持续时间比平原地区更短;还发现,年平均雷暴日数和时数高值区的年相对变率明显小于低值区。在四个季节中,冬季雷暴时数最少,且多发于前半夜,夜雷暴在全天雷暴时数中的占比最高;而夏季夜雷暴时数在四季中最多,但其在全天雷暴时数中的占比最低;而四川盆地夜雷暴全年都很显著。各个站点雷暴时数日变化峰值以下午最多、上午最少,前半夜多于后半夜。对于以胡焕庸线为界以南以东地区,受东亚夏季风影响,雷暴日的平均雷暴发生时数不低于3 h,而该线以北以西地区则显著小于3 h。对于不同的雷暴持续时数,中国总体和各个区域持续2 h的雷暴时数为最多。中国总体和各个区域雷暴时数的年代际变化整体呈现递减趋势,但2000年以来,夜间雷暴时数明显增多。中国总体雷暴时数的明显减少主要归因于下午时段雷暴时数的明显减少,2000年以来中国总体雷暴时数的增多趋势是由于夜间时段雷暴时数增多而导致。Up to now there is no study on thunderstorm climatology based on long-term hourly observations over China's Mainland.Using hourly thunderstorm observations collected at 796 national-level stations during 1971-2010,the temporal and spatial evolution and duration characteristics of hourly thunderstorms over China are revealed,and some new findings are obtained.Over China,the spatial distribution pattern of annual average thunderstorm hours is close to that of annual average thunderstorm days.However,the situation is different in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,where the number of annual average thunderstorm days is high but the number of annual average thunderstorm hours is low,indicating that the duration of convective activity is shorter than that in the plain area.It is also found that the annual relative variability in areas of high annual average thunderstorm days and hours is significantly lower than that in areas of low annual average thunderstorm days and hours.Among the four seasons,the number of annual average thunderstorm hours in winter is the smallest,and many thunderstorms occur in the first half of the night.They account for the largest proportion of thunderstorms in the whole day.Nocturnal thunderstorms occur most frequently in summer,but their proportion of the thunderstorms in the whole day is the lowest.Nocturnal thunderstorms in Sichuan Basin are significant all year round.The diurnal peak of thunderstorm hours at each station mostly occurs in the afternoon and the trough largely occurs in the morning,and there are more thunderstorm hours in the first half of the night than in the second half.Affected by the East Asian summer monsoon,over most parts of China to the south and east of the Hu Huanyong line,the number of thunderstorm hours per thunderstorm day is not less than 3 h,whereas the number is significantly less than 3 h to the north and west of the Hu Huanyong line.For thunderstorms of different durations,thunderstorms that can last for 2 h occur most frequently over China and over different reg

关 键 词：雷暴 时数 气候 时空分布 年际变化 

分 类 号：P446[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]