新型冠状病毒的变异株进展:起源、变异动力与防控措施  

SARS-CoV-2 variants:origin,drivers and prevention measures

作　　者：沈佳莹 林剑生 曹广文 SHEN Jiaying;LIN Jiansheng;CAO Guangwen(Tongji University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200331,China;School of Medicine,Jinan University,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510632,China;Department of Epidemiology,Naval Medical University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]同济大学医学院,上海200331 [2]暨南大学基础医学院,广东广州510632 [3]海军军医大学流行病学教研室,上海200433

出　　处：《上海预防医学》2022年第1期81-86,共6页Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(82041022);上海市科学技术委员会项目(20JC1410200,20431900404)。

摘　　要：新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)自2019年12月出现后,迅速在全球流行,演变为全球重大公共卫生问题。新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)为单股正链核糖核酸(RNA)病毒,自然突变率较高;变异株的出现往往是"变异—选择—适应"的进化产物。此外,炎症状态下激活的APOBEC酶可促进病毒变异。目前发现有公共卫生意义的SARS-CoV-2主要突变株为B.1.1.7(Alpha)、B.1.351(Beta)、P.1(Gamma)、B.1.6.7.2(Delta)和B.1.1.529(Omicron)等,其进化和变异趋势可能发生传播能力增强、对中和抗体敏感度降低、发生免疫逃逸,以及可能增加疾病严重程度与病死率。因此,追踪病毒变异、研发针对变异的疫苗和加强隔离措施是当下与未来应对SARS-CoV-2变异的重要防控手段。COVID-19 has emerged around the world since December 2019 and rapidly evolves as a major global public health challenge.SARSCoV-2 is a positive single-stranded RNA virus with a relatively high natural mutation rate.The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants is generally considered as the outcome of a“mutation-selection-adaption”process.The enzyme APOBECs that is activated in the inflammatory microenvironment may facilitate viral mutagenesis.Currently,the major SARS-CoV-2 variants that impose public health significance are B.1.1.7,B.1.351,P.1,B.1.6.7.2,B.1.1.529 and so on,with probably increasing transmissibility,decreasing reactivity to the neutralizing antibodies,immune escape,and enhancing disease severity and mortality.Consequently,it warrants up-to-date countermeasures against evolving SARS-CoV-2,including tracing viral mutagenesis,developing vaccines against major variants,and enhancing social distancing.

关 键 词：新型冠状病毒肺炎 APOBEC 病毒进化 新型冠状病毒 防控 

分 类 号：R373.1[医药卫生—病原生物学]