侵权法中机会丧失理论之构建  

Theoretical Construction of Opportunity Loss in Tort Law

作　　者：冯德淦 FENG De-gan

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学法学院,上海200120

出　　处：《华侨大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第1期135-148,共14页Journal of Huaqiao University(Philosophy & Social Sciences)

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费项目华东师范大学青年预研究项目(2021ECNU—YYJ017)。

摘　　要：因果关系不明案件一直以来都是侵权法最为棘手的难题。就因果关系不明的原因,分为偶然和必然的因果关系不明,前者属于证据层面的问题,后者则属于客观规律层面的问题。机会丧失理论主要是为了解决客观规律层面的因果关系不明案件。比较法范围内存在拒绝救济和赞同救济的两种方案,但这两种方案都存在局限性。我们应当区分风险提升和机会损失两种加害行为,只有后者才具有一般的可救济性。可救济机会的确定是一个评价问题,需要法官在个案中进行实质考量,结合多因素最终确定。未来侵权法损害赔偿理论,仍然应当坚持“条件说”,通过对损害层面的修正,将可救济的机会看做损害,以此维系因果关系。风险提升的加害行为,在例外情况下也应当予以规制,侵权法只有对风险提升和机会损失的行为进行区分规制,才符合实质救济的要求。The cases of unclear causality have always been the most difficult problems in tort law.In terms of causes,the unclear causality can be divided into accidental and inevitable unclear causality.The former belongs to the level of evidence,while the latter belongs to the level of objective law.The theory of opportunity loss is mainly to solve the cases of unknown causality at the level of objective law.Within the scope of comparative law,there are two kinds of remedies:denial and approval,but both of them have limitations.We should distinguish between risk enhancement and opportunity damage,and only the latter is generally remedied.The determination of remedial opportunity is an evaluation problem,which requires the judge to make substantive consideration in the case and finally determine it in combination with multiple factors.In the future,the theory of damage compensation in tort law should still adhere to the“condition theory”.Through the remedy of the damage level,the opportunity that can be remedied should be regarded as damage,so as to maintain causality.The injurious behavior of risk enhancement should also be regulated in exceptional cases.Only by distinguishing the behavior of risk enhancement and opportunity loss in tort law can the tort law meet the requirements of substantive remedy.

关 键 词：侵权法 因果关系 机会丧失 风险提升 机会损失 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]