《民法典》中两类土地经营权解释论  

The Interpretation of Two Types of Rural Land Management Rights in the Civil Code

作　　者：高海[1] GAO Hai

机构地区：[1]安徽财经大学法学院

出　　处：《中国农村观察》2022年第1期16-33,共18页China Rural Survey

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“深化农村集体产权制度改革的法治保障研究”(项目编号:20ZDA046)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》中土地承包经营权上的土地经营权与基于所有权产生的以其他方式承包的土地经营权的性质均存在债权一元论、物债二分论、物权一元论等论争。本文综合运用文义、体系、目的等解释方法,对两类土地经营权的性质和担保依次进行再解读。土地承包经营权上土地经营权宜以五年为界物债二分,以其他方式承包的土地经营权宜以登记为界物债二分。但是,《民法典》第339条中分置次级用益物权的出租与入股宜分别缩限解读为转包与股份合作。流转期限五年以上土地经营权的物权设立及其抵押应采取登记对抗主义;流转期限五年以下土地经营权宜以再流转收益质押并采取登记对抗主义;已登记的以其他方式承包的土地经营权的物权设立及其抵押应采取登记生效主义,未登记的不能用于担保。允许承包方自设土地经营权融资担保,亦应允许集体自设以其他方式承包的土地经营权抵押。《民法典》中两类土地经营权的规定,推进了更具中国元素的物权理论与物权制度的创新发展。In the Civil Code, there are controversies on the nature of rural land management rights derived from land contract management right and land management right contracted by other ways based on ownership, such as creditor’s right monism,dichotomy of property right and creditor’s right, property right monism and so on. This article comprehensively uses the interpretation methods of text, system and purpose to reinterpret the nature and guarantee of the two types of land management rights in turn. The rural land management right on the land contractual management right is bounded by five years, and land management right contracted by other methods is bounded by registration, both of which should be the dichotomy of property right and creditor’s right. However, in Article 339 of the Civil Code, the leasing and shareholding of separate secondary usufructuary rights should be reduced and interpreted as subcontracting and share cooperation, respectively. The establishment of property right and mortgage of rural land management rights with a circulation period of more than five years adopts registration antagonism. The rural land management rights with a circulation period of less than five years should be pledged with re-circulation incomes and adopt registration antagonism. The establishment of property right and mortgage of the registered rural land management rights contracted by other methods adopts the registration effective doctrine, and the unregistered ones cannot be used for guarantee.Contractors are allowed to establish their own rural land management right for financing guarantee, and the collective shall also be allowed to establish their own rural land management right contracted by other methods for the mortgage. The provisions of the two types of rural land management rights in the Civil Code have promoted the innovative development of property rights theory and property rights systems with more Chinese elements.

关 键 词：民法典 三权分置 土地经营权 登记效力 

分 类 号：D912.3[政治法律—法学]