从“同路人”到“致命对手”:美国对外战略界对伊斯兰极端主义认知的演变  

From"Fellow Traveler"to"Fatal Enemy":The Evolution of the Perception of Islamic Extremism in the U.S.Foreign Strategy Community

作　　者：王震[1] Wang Zhen

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院西亚北非研究中心

出　　处：《西亚非洲》2022年第1期3-30,156,共29页West Asia and Africa

基　　金：国家社科基金重大专项委托课题(20VMG040);上海市“浦江人才”计划(2020PJC090)阶段性成果;。

摘　　要：20世纪70年代以来,美国对外战略界对伊斯兰极端主义的认识经历了一个长期的复杂过程。通过对公开文献和近年来陆续解密的官方档案进行梳理可以发现:美国对外战略界对伊斯兰极端主义的认知经历了不同发展阶段,并与其全球战略发展密切相关。伊朗伊斯兰革命爆发后,美国对外战略界对激进伊斯兰主义的关注迅速上升,但是对其背后的伊斯兰“圣战”思想了解甚少,其关注对象也仅限于伊朗和什叶派激进组织。为了满足美国全球战略需要,来自逊尼派的伊斯兰激进势力一度被视为对抗苏联扩张的“自由斗士”和“同路人”。冷战结束后,这些伊斯兰激进势力转而成为挑战美国单极霸权和新自由主义国际秩序的“极端分子”和“恐怖分子”。“九一一”事件后,在“全球反恐战争”话语塑造下,“伊斯兰极端主义”被有意无意地与“恐怖主义”联系起来,几乎变成了“恐怖主义”的同义语。近年来,随着美国重新强调“大国竞争”,伊斯兰极端主义的“威胁”已黯然失色。Since the 1970s,the perception of Islamic extremism in the US foreign strategy community has gone through a complicated evolution,which has changed through different stages and closely related to its global strategy.After the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran,the U.S.foreign strategy community knew very little about the underlying Islamic jihad ideology,with attention limited to Iran and Shiite radical organizations.Out of the need of global Cold War strategy,the United States regarded radical Sunni Islamic forces as"fellow travelers"or"freedom fighters"against the expansion of the Soviet Union.After the Cold War,as these radical Islamic forces challenged the unipolar hegemony of the United States and the neoliberal international system,they turned into"extremists"and"terrorists"in American discourse.After the 9.11 incident,in the discourse of the global counterterror war,the US foreign strategy community linked"Islamic extremism"to"terrorism";hence,the term almost became a synonym of"terrorism"worldwide.Nevertheless,as the United States shifts its emphasis back on major power competition,threat of the Islamic extremism is fading in the perception spectrum of US foreign strategy community.

关 键 词：伊斯兰极端主义 美国 对外战略界 中东 战略认知 

分 类 号：D815.5[政治法律—国际关系] D871.2[政治法律—政治学]