将有债权处分的法律构造与顺位安排  

Legal Structure and Order Arrangement for Disposition of Creditor’s Rights to be Claimed

作　　者：张静[1] Zhang Jing

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学

出　　处：《法学》2022年第2期118-132,共15页Law Science

基　　金：2020年度国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国债法上返还责任规则的统一建构”(项目编号:20AZD119);2019年度国家社会科学基金一般项目“非常态缔约规则之类型化与合同法体系重构研究”(项目编号:19BFX114)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在处分情形,将有债权是处分人尚未取得的债权,包括绝对将有债权与相对将有债权。绝对将有债权有广义和狭义之分,区分标准在于基础法律关系是否存在。将有债权处分是现有债权处分之变体,属于一种预先处分。将有债权处分涉及基础合同有效、公示预先完成、客体预先特定、债权可让与性四要件。将有应收账款质押应当登记,将有应收账款让与本身虽与公示无涉,但登记和预先通知会直接影响顺位关系。将有债权的描述应足够清晰,第三人能够据此合理识别所涉债权。将有债权处分具有自动取得效果和即时取得效果。在处分人取得债权时,处分自此时自动生效。将有债权的多重处分首需适用"登记最优—通知次优—比例分配"规则,补充适用"处分在前,顺位优先"规则。同一将有债权被处分和被代位执行的,应适用"完成在前,顺位优先"规则。将有债权处分欠缺破产保护效果,处分人在破产后取得的债权归属破产财产。Under the context of disposal, future claims are claims that are not acquired by the disponer yet and include absolute future claims and relative future claims. The concept of absolute future claim can be used in broad and wide sense, depending on whether the claim involved has a legal ground. As a kind of preliminary disposal, the disposal of future claims constitutes a variation of that of present claims. Disposal of future claims involves four requirements: valid agreement, preliminary publicity, preliminary specification of the object, and assignability of the claim. Pledge of future receivables requires registration. Registration and preliminary notification are irrelevant to assignment per se but play a decisive role in determining the priorities. The future claims involved need to be described with sufficient accuracy so that third parties can be reasonably expected to ascertain them. Preliminary disposal of claims has an effect of automatic and immediate acquisition. The disposal takes effect automatically ex nunc when the disponer acquires the claim. In conflicting preliminary disposals, the" registration first, notification second, proportional distribution" rule applies prior to the" disposal first, ranking first" rule. Where the same future claim is subject to disposal and subrogating execution, the" completion first, ranking first" rule applies. Disposal of future claims has no insolvency-proof effect, and the claim obtained by the disponer after insolvency belongs to the insolvency assets.

关 键 词：将有债权 自动取得 即时取得 执行顺位 破产顺位 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]