市场主义批判:中国过去和现在不同类型的市场交易  

A Critique of Marketism: Different Types of Market Exchange in China, Past and Present

作　　者：黄宗智 Philip C.C.Huang(Institute for Advanced Historical and Social Research,Law School,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院历史与社会高等研究所

出　　处：《开放时代》2022年第1期117-132,M0005,M0006,共18页Open Times

摘　　要：占据主流地位的英美"市场主义"理论将所有市场交易等同于平等互利的贸易,并认为它必定会导致社会分工和划时代的劳动生产率的发展。这是个单一化、理想化的建构。它抹去了帝国主义下的不平等贸易,也无视全球化经济中的霸权金融资本之利用发展中国家的非正规廉价劳动力的实际。它更完全无视市场经济中广泛存在的厂商贪婪行为,以及消费者中常见的不理性弱点。从中国经验出发,我们才会关注到诸多不同于主流市场主义的现实,包括长期以来在城乡差别下的"榨取型"单向贸易,以及人地压力下的"没有发展的增长"之"内卷型商品化"。从新中国经济起飞的发展经验出发,还会看到与市场主义"无为"国家虚构对立,国家积极介入和参与经济,以及国有企业和民营企业紧密结合与互动的实例。我们更能看到,社会主义计划经济的遗传和市场经济,民生服务和私人逐利两双理念和机制的互动,需要建立新型的政治经济学来认识和理解。The theory and ideology of mainstream Anglo-American“marketism”do not accord with reality. Its core idea-equating all trade with equal and mutually beneficial market exchanges, and believing that such exchanges are certain to lead to division of labor and transformative changes in labor productivity-is a one-sided,idealized construction. It erases unequal exchanges under imperialism, and ignores the realities of the use of cheap informal labor in developing countries by hegemonic capital in the globalized economy. It also disregards pervasive unethical pursuits of profit among producers and widespread human weaknesses among consumers.If we proceed instead from China’s actual experiences, we can come to see and grasp the many different varieties of trade that differ from the abstractions of conventional marketism, including the“commercialization of extraction”that long characterized the principally uni-directional“trade”based on severe inequities between town and country, as well as the“growth without(labor productivity) development,”or“involutionary commercialization”that long characterized domestic Chinese commerce that emerged under severe population pressures on the land. If one turns instead to the“take-off”period of the recent decades in Chinese economic development,we can see also the great contrast between Chinese realities and the mainstream economics construct of a“laissez faire state,”and see instead the state engaging most actively in development, and of state-owned enterprises working closely together with private enterprises. Those realities are perhaps most evident in the recent dramatic development of China’s mammoth real estate economy that has been the main engine of rapid Chinese development since about 2000-most especially in its immense process of the“capitalization of land.”We can also see how the tradition of the“socialist”planned economy has operated in unison with the new capitalist market economy, by combining the twin ideals and mechanisms of“peo

关 键 词：不平等的市场交易 榨取型和内卷型商品化 国家与社会的互动结合 市场经济与社会主义的互动结合 新型政治经济学 

分 类 号：F124[经济管理—世界经济]