虚指宾语“他”的实现机制  

Realization Mechanism of the Nonspecific Object “Tā(他)”

作　　者：李劲荣[1] Li Jinrong

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学对外汉语学院,200234

出　　处：《汉语学报》2022年第1期20-32,共13页Chinese Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“现代汉语形义错配构式的接口机制研究”(编号:18BYY182);国家社科基金重大项目“对外汉语教学语法大纲研制和教学参考语法书系(多卷本)”(编号:17ZDA307);上海市高水平地方高校重点创新团队“比较语言学与汉语国际传播”的资助。

摘　　要：本文立足于双及物构式这一视角讨论虚指宾语"他"的实现问题。句法上,直接宾语必须带上数量词或本身就是数量词,同时,体标记"了/过"不能出现。这是保证结构成立的前提条件。语义上,数量词须表示主观大量义或高程度义,且动词或句式的转移义弱化。这是宾语"他"实现虚指的决定因素。韵律上,双音化趋势促使轻读的"他"与单音动词构成一个"重—轻"模式的音步,由此"他"类似于后附成分。这进一步促动宾语"他"完成虚指。简言之,凸显的数量义剥夺了"他"的焦点地位,弱化的转移义模糊了"他"的对象身份,再加上后附式的句法表现,虚指得以实现。可见,宾语"他"实现为虚指是句法、语义、韵律等多重因素共同作用的结果。This paper discusses the realization of the nonspecific object"tā(他)"from the perspective of ditransitive construction.Syntactically,the direct object must be accompanied by a quantifier or itself a quantifier,and meanwhile the aspect mark"le(了)/quò(过)"cannot appear,which is the prerequisite for the establishment of the structure.Semantically,quantifiers must express a subjective meaning of large quantity or a meaning of high-degree,and the meaning of"transfer"of the verb or the sentence pattern is weakened,which is the decisive factor for the object"tā(他)"to become nonspecific.Prosodically,the disyllabic trend prompts the lightly pronounced"tā(他)"and the monosyllabic verb to form a"heavy-light"foot.Therefore,"tā(他)"is similar to an enclitic,which further motivates the object"tā(他)"to complete the process of being nonspecific.In short,the prominent quantitative meaning deprives the focal position of"tā(他)",and the weakened meaning of"transfer"obscures its object identity.Coupled with the syntactic expression of the attached pattern,the nonspecific reference is realized.It can be seen that the realization of the nonspecific object"tā(他)"is the result of the joint action of multiple factors,such as syntax,semantics,prosody and so on.

关 键 词：虚指宾语“他” 实现机制 句法管控 语义制约 韵律促动 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]