多重实现两难与特殊科学自主性  

A Dilemma for Multiple Realizability and Autonomy of Special Sciences

作　　者：成骁杰 CHENG Xiaojie(School of Philosophy,Wuhan University,Wuhan,Hubei,430072)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学哲学学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2022年第2期38-44,共7页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

摘　　要：针对多重实现论题,夏皮罗构造了一个两难:在一个多重实现案例中,如果两个物理实现者是同一种类型,那么功能类型实际上被单一实现,功能类型应该被还原为物理类型;如果两个物理实现者是真正不同的类型,那么不存在任何经验定律能够将这两种物理类型归为同一种功能类型,功能类型应该被取消。无论是还原还是取消,研究功能类型的特殊科学的自主性都会受到威胁。然而,夏皮罗对两难中取消主义困难的分析是不成立的,理由有三:其一,用于取消功能类型的理由也可以用来取消物理类型,这导致取消主义者也面临一个两难;其二,取消功能类型会造成实践上的困难,我们无法准确描述一些事物;其三,功能类型和物理类型都有各自的价值,它们共同帮助我们完整地描述世界。Shapiro constructs a dilemma for the topic of multiple realizability:in a case of multiple realizability,if two physical implementors are of the same type,then the function type has been realized individually and it should be reduced to a certain physical type;but if two physical implementors are of different types,then there exists no empirical law according to which such two physical types can be classified into one function type,so the function type should be eliminated.Either subject to reductionism or eliminativism,the autonomy of special sciences that study functional types is threatened.However,Shapiro’s analysis of the eliminativism in the dilemma is not reliable for the following reasons:firstly,the reasons used to eliminate functional types can also be used to eliminate physical types,which is also a dilemma for the eliminativists;secondly,eliminating function types will result in difficulties in practice,thus making it difficult for us to describe things accurately;and finally,both function type and physical type have their own values,which will help us describe the world completely.

关 键 词：多重实现 两难 特殊科学 还原主义 取消主义 

分 类 号：N0[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]