从出土简牍看如淳“三辅尤异”说之讹——兼谈汉代仕进制度中的两种“尤异”  

On the Mistakes of Ru Chun’s Annotation of Sanfu You Yi from the Unearthed Bamboo Slips

作　　者：李迎春[1] LI Ying-chun(School of History and Culture,Northwest Normal University,Lanzhou,Gansu»730070,PRC)

机构地区：[1]西北师范大学历史文化学院,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《西北师大学报（社会科学版）》2022年第1期10-19,共10页Journal of Northwest Normal University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“居延汉简编年及相关问题研究”(15CZS007)。

摘　　要：《汉书》如淳注称西汉有"三辅尤异"之制。近世学者据此认为,与普通郡国相比,西汉三辅官员在秩禄、升迁前景、籍贯限制等方面享有特殊优待。其实,结合传世文献与汉简来看,"尤异"是对官员治绩的评语,指政绩卓异。具体来说,有两种形式:一是针对下级官吏追捕敌人功效而定的可以作为升迁依据的功劳等级,一是针对长吏"治行"的考核评价。后者至迟在两汉之际发展为针对长吏的"察举"之科。《汉书·张敞传》"比三辅尤异"中的"尤异"是就前者而言,与居延汉简ESC:97和3号简"吏比京兆尹四辅为尤异绝异"的规定一致,意为比照三辅下级官吏捕斩敌人的奖励待遇予以破格升迁。三辅在西汉是中二千石级别的卿级机构,并非地方行政机构,这决定了其官员在秩次、迁除、籍贯限制等方面不同于郡国官吏的差别。如淳注《汉书》有臆想成分,使用时需注意。According to Ru Chun’s annotation in the book of Hanshu,there was a system of“Sanfu You Yi”(三辅尤异)in the Han Dynasty.Modern scholars generally believe that compared with the other provinces,officials in the Han Dynasty enjoyed special privileges in terms of rank and salary,promotion prospects,and restrictions on their place of origin.In fact,“You Yi”is the comment on officials’performance in the Han Dynasty,referring to the outstanding achievements.Specifically,there are two forms.One is the merit ranking used as the basis for promotion,which is determined according to the effectiveness of lower level officials in hunting the enemy.The other is an evaluation of the senior officials’“governing behavior”.The latter was developed into a system of“Chaju(察举)”for senior officials at the end of the western and Eastern Han Dynasties.In the biography of Zhang Chang(张敞)in Hanshu,“You Yi”in the“Sanfu You Yi“is the former.It is consistent with the stipulation of Juyan Han bamboo slips ESC:97 and No.3,which means that the promotion is carried out according to the reward treatment of the officials in lower echelon in Sanfu area for hunting the enemy.Sanfu were two thousand dan(石)-level agencies attached Central,not local government.This determines that the officials here are different from the general local officials in rank,promotion,native place requirements and so on.When Ru Chun annotated Hanshu,there are imaginary elements,which should be paid attention to when using it.

关 键 词：汉代 三辅 尤异 《汉书》如淳注 居延汉简 尹湾汉简 

分 类 号：K877.5[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K234[历史地理—历史学]