我国优秀帆船帆板运动员赛前心理状态监控及调控效果研究  

Supervision and control effect of Chinese elite sailors' mental state before competition

作　　者：刘书强 张忠秋[3] 邱俊[2] 赵德锋[2] LIU Shuqiang;ZHANG Zhongqiu;QIU Jun;ZHAO Defeng(Beijing Sport University School of Psychology,Beijing 100010,China;Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science(Shanghai Anti-doping Agency),Shanghai 200030,China;China Institute of Sport Science,Beijing 100061,China)

机构地区：[1]北京体育大学心理学院,北京100010 [2]上海体育科学研究所(上海市反兴奋剂中心),上海200030 [3]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061

出　　处：《山东体育学院学报》2021年第6期70-76,共7页Journal of Shandong Sport University

基　　金：上海市科委科技创新行动计划项目资助(19dz1200700)。

摘　　要：目的:对国家帆船帆板运动员赛前不同阶段心理状态进行评估,探索帆船帆板运动员赛前不同阶段心理状态的特点;探讨心理调控手段对运动员赛前心理状态的影响。方法:选取30名高水平帆船帆板运动员,使用心理测试问卷对运动员赛前心理状态进行测试。通过随机对照组实验,把运动员随机分为实验组和对照组(等待控制组)各15名,心理调控干预时间持续4周,每周1次心理知识宣教和2次生物反馈。结果:(1)国家帆船帆板运动员心理状态主要表现为自信心不足,且运动员心理疲劳问题较为严重。不同运动等级运动员特质焦虑水平差异显著,t=-3.016,P=0.005。(2)帆船帆板运动员的心理状态会随着比赛的进程发生变化,具体表现为,随着比赛的深入,运动员认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑、躯体焦虑水平升高,个体失败焦虑和社会期待焦虑水平先升高后有所下降;运动员状态自信心先升后降,自信心持续下降,运动员自信心水平总体呈下降趋势。(3)心理干预后,实验组运动员状态自信心显著高于对照组,F(1,28)=17.268,P<0.001,η_(p)^(2)=0.381;实验组运动员对运动的负性评价显著低于对照组,F(1,28)=9.802,P=0.004,η_(p)^(2)=0.172;实验组运动员成就感降低显著低于对照组,F(1,28)=5.058,P=0.033,η_(p)^(2)=0.153。结论:(1)国家帆船帆板运动员赛前心理状态主要表现为自信心不足,且存在着较为严重的心理疲劳。不同等级帆船帆板运动员特质焦虑水平差异显著,提示特质焦虑可以作为帆船帆板运动员选材的一个心理指标。(2)运动员赛前心理状态受很多因素影响,帆船帆板运动员的心理状态会随着比赛进程的推进发生变化。(3)生物反馈心理技能训练配合心理知识宣教的心理干预方法能够有效地改善运动员的赛前心理状态。Objective:To evaluate the pre-competition mental state of national sailing athletes,explore the characteristics of different stages before the race,and analyze the influence of psychological regulation on the mental state of athletes before the competition.Methods:30 high-level sailboarders were selected.Using the psychological questionnaires to test their pre-competition mental state.This study is a randomized control group experiment.The athletes were randomly divided into 15 participants in the experimental group and control group(waiting control group).The psychological regulation intervention lasted 4 weeks,one time psychological knowledge education and two times biological feedback per week.Results:(1)The mental state of national sailing athletes before the game is mainly lack of self-confidence,and the mental fatigue problem of athletes is serious.Trait anxiety levels were significantly different across sport levels,with t=-3.016 and P=0.005.(2)The pre-competition mental state of sail athletes will change with the progress of the race,the cognitive anxiety,physical anxiety and physical anxiety increase,the athletes'confidence increases first,then decreases,and the overall confidence level of athletes decreases.3)After psychological intervention,state confidence of experimental group was significantly higher than control group,with F(1,28)=17.268,P<0.001,η_(p)^(2)=0.381;negative evaluation of exercise was significantly lower than control group,with F(1,28)=9.802,P=0.004,η_(p)^(2)=0.172;achievement of the experimental group was significantly lower than control group,with F(1,28)=5.058,P=0.033,η_(p)^(2)=0.153.Conclusion:(1)The mental state of national sailing athletes before the competition is mainly lack of self-confidence,and there is serious mental fatigue among them.The level of trait anxiety among different levels varies significantly,suggesting that trait anxiety can be used as a psychological indicator of the material selection of sailboarders.(2)The psychological state of athletes is affected by ma

关 键 词：帆船帆板 运动员 赛前心理状态 心理干预 

分 类 号：G804.87[文化科学—运动人体科学]