不同氮肥施用方式下春玉米根系时空分布特征  

Characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution for root morphology in maize under different nitrogen application conditions

作　　者：展文洁 陈一昊[1] 曾子豪 张畅[1] 张水梅 程松 梁尧[1] 袁静超[1] 任军[1] 刘剑钊[1] 蔡红光[1] ZHAN Wen-jie;CHEN Yi-hao;ZENG Zi-hao;ZHANG Chang;ZHANG Shui-mei;CHENG Song;LIANG Yao;YUAN Jing-chao;REN Jun;LIU Jian-zhao;CAI Hong-guang(Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changchun Jilin 130033;Agricultural Resources and Environment Institute College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing Jiangsu 210095)

机构地区：[1]吉林省农业科学院/农业农村部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,吉林长春130033 [2]南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,江苏南京210095

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2022年第1期16-24,共9页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：吉林省农业科技创新工程(CXGC2017ZD001);吉林省科技发展计划项目(20200702008NC);国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-07-G-6)。

摘　　要：通过剖析不同氮肥施用方式下,玉米根系统随生育进程在0~60 cm不同土层内分布特征及地上部产量和氮累积量的变化,以期为氮肥合理施用提供理论依据。以先玉335为供试品种,进行了4年田间定位试验。设3个处理:无氮区(N0);氮肥一次性基施200 kg/hm^(2)(N1);氮肥分次施用(N2),基肥50 kg/hm^(2),拔节期150kg/hm^(2)。于试验起始后第3和第4年测定了0~60 cm土层根系干重、根长、根表面积、根系平均直径等指标动态变化及地上部干物质和氮素累积,并于成熟期测定籽粒产量。增施氮肥显著提高玉米产量、干物质累积和吸氮量。与无氮区相比,两年间施肥处理下的产量增幅为122.0%~177.9%,生物量增幅为76.3%~127.8%,吸氮量增加191.0%~272.4%。低氮促进了根系的生长,使根冠比增大。2013年,N0处理比N1和N2处理的根冠比分别增加62.5%和79.3%;2014年,N0处理比N1和N2处理分别增加75.8%和75.8%。随着生育进程的推进,与N0处理相比,N1处理对根系生长产生抑制作用,但年际间差异显著;降雨丰沛年份,在12展叶期根系生长即出现抑制情况,0~50 cm土层的根长和根表面积受到抑制,降幅为10.4%~43.0%;雨量正常年份,在开花期各土层根系生长受到抑制,降幅为1.3%~47.6%。与N2处理相比,N1处理氮肥一次性基施在土层0~40 cm的根系动态生长均受到抑制,其中在花后20 d至成熟期,0~40 cm土层的根系干重、根长和根表面积分别减少15.3%、7.9%和8.2%。N2处理下,根系在各生育期的空间分布上均显著优于N1处理,且在开花后20 d表现最为显著。氮肥分次施用优化了根系形态,促进根系的纵深分布,更有利于养分的吸收,且在年际间表现稳定,是获得春玉米高产稳产的合理施肥方式。The distribution characteristics of maize root system in different soil layers of 0~60 cm with different nitrogen fertilizer application modes,as well as the changes of overground yield and nitrogen accumulation were analyzed,so as to provide theoretical basis for rational nitrogen fertilizer application.Four years of field experiment was conducted with Xianyu 335 as the experimental variety.Three treatments were set up:no nitrogen application (N0),the single basal application of 200 kg/hm^(2)nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer (N1),50 kg/hm^(2)nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer and 150 kg/hm;applied at jointing phase,with a total of 200kg/hm^(2)(N2).The dynamic changes of dry weight,root length,root surface area and average diameter of root and the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in the mature period were measured.The yield,dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake of maize were significantly increased by nitrogen application.The yield,biomass and nitrogen uptake increased by 122.0%~177.9%,76.3%~127.8%,191.0%~272.4%,respectively.Low nitrogen promoted root growth and increased root to shoot ratio,in2013 and 2014,and the root to shoot ratios of N0 increased by 62.5%and 79.3%,75.8%and 75.8%,respectively,compared with N1 and N2 treatments.With the development of the growth process,compared with N0,N1 had an inhibitory effect on root growth,but the difference between years was significant:in years with abundant rainfall,root growth was inhibited at the 12-leaf stage,root length and root surface area of 0~50 cm soil layer were inhibited,with a decrease of 10.4%~43.0%;In normal rainfall years,root growth in all soil layers was inhibited at the flowering stage,with a decrease of 1.3%~47.6%.Compared with N2,the dynamic growth of roots in the 0~40 cm soil layer was inhibited under N1,and the dry weight,root length and root surface area of roots in the 0~40 cm soil layer were reduced by 15.3%,7.9%and 8.2%,respectively,at 20 days after flowering and maturity stage.The spatial distribution of roots in each g

关 键 词：氮肥施用方式 玉米 根系 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]