汉语两类双宾语句式的语段生成及其核心语素的及物性阐释  

A Phase-based Derivation of the Double Object Constructions(DOCs) in Chinese and a Transitivity Elaboration of their Core Morphemes

作　　者：马志刚[1] 何琴 MA Zhigang;HE Qin

机构地区：[1]广东外语外贸大学外国语言学及应用语言学研究中心,广东广州510420

出　　处：《外语与外语教学》2021年第6期134-146,150,共14页Foreign Languages and Their Teaching

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“英汉非论元结构的认知动因及其中介语处理机制研究”(项目编号:19BYY095)的研究成果。

摘　　要：宾语话题化、焦点化、关系化以及被动化的非对称现象在两类汉语双宾句中呈现出系统性差异:给予类允准两个宾语移位的程度显著高于取得类,而取得类中直宾的移位受到严格限制。对于这一具有描写价值的有效归纳,本文在最简方案框架下提出基于语段的解释方案:只有给予类的轻动词投射才会内含语段,因而其宾语可以借助于边缘位置移出语段。鉴于语素性质与语段投射之间的直接关联性,因此本文基于实证语料的语素观把两类结构中语段单位的有无归因于核心语素的及物性差异:"给"有及物性而"走、掉"无及物性,从而造成二者在语段投射功能方面的差异。这种分析方案既符合及物性成分具有完整论元/题元复合体的语段定义,也能解释两类结构中领属义的性质差异。文章认为,给予类和取得类双宾句可分属非宾格系列和非作格系列的形态语义根源在于相关句式中轻动词和实义语素的及物性差异,而英语由于缺乏消损义的非宾格语素而无法形成取得类双宾句。Systematic asymmetries are revealed in the topicalization, focalization, relativization and passivization of objects in the Double Object Constructions(DOCs). In particular, movement of objects in the give-type is much less constrained than that in the get-type, which constitutes a valid generalization. This article attempts to account for this generalization under the Phase Theory within Minimalism: only the give-type contains an inner phase, whose edge provides an escapehatch for the direct object to move successively. By way of empirical data, the present paper attributes the phasal analysis to the(in)transitivity of the core morphemes in the compounds in DOCs: gei’s transitivity and zou’s/diao’s intransitivity result in the functional differences of movement within phases, which is in full accord with the definition of phase: only complete functional complex in terms of argument and thematic structures constitutes a phase, and differences in terms of possession relations in the two types of DOCs follow naturally. The unaccusative/unergative dichotomy of DOCs in Chinese can also be traced back to the transitivity differences, and the non-existence of the get-type DOCs in English is argued to be due to its lack of unaccusative morphemes.

关 键 词：最简方案 语段理论 及物性 双宾句式 领属关系 

分 类 号：H0[语言文字—语言学]