麦(油)-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对土壤氮素供应及直播稻产量的影响  

Effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer management on soil nitrogen supply and yield of direct seeding rice under wheat(rape)-rice rotation

作　　者：彭志芸 吕旭 伍杂日曲 舒川海 谌洁 向开宏 杨志远[1] 马均[1] PENG Zhiyun;LÜ Xu;WUZA Riqu;SHU Chuanhai;SHEN Jie;XIANG Kaihong;YANG Zhiyuan;MA Jun(Rice Research Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,China;Yibin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Yibin 644000,Sichuan,China)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学水稻研究所/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室,成都611130 [2]宜宾市农业科学院,四川宜宾644000

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）》2022年第1期45-56,共12页Journal of Zhejiang University:Agriculture and Life Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0301706,2017YFD0301701,2016YFD0300506);四川省育种攻关专项(2016NYZ0051);四川省教育厅重点项目(18ZA0390)。

摘　　要：为探明麦(油)-稻轮作模式下秸秆还田和氮肥运筹对土壤氮素供应和直播稻产量的影响,于2018年和2019年在四川农业大学崇州试验基地开展2年定位试验。试验采用两因素裂区设计,主区为麦(油)秸秆全量翻埋还田(M_(1))和秸秆不还田(对照,M_(0)),副区在施氮量150 kg/hm^(2)的基础上设氮肥前移(N_(1))、均衡施氮(N_(2))、氮肥后移(N_(3))3种氮肥运筹,以不施氮肥为对照(N_(0)),测定土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量以及稻株氮素积累量及产量。结果表明:2018年麦(油)-稻轮作模式下秸秆还田较不还田成熟期稻株氮素积累量提高7.13%(8.50%),产量增加0.94%(1.43%),2019年增至15.17%(17.12%)、6.60%(7.42%)。2018年拔节期,麦(油)茬田中直播稻氮素积累量整体呈N_(1)>N_(2)>N_(3)趋势,齐穗期和成熟期稻株的氮素积累量及产量在秸秆不还田处理下表现为N_(3)>N_(2)>N_(1),秸秆还田后则是N_(2)>N_(3)>N_(1)。相较秸秆不还田,秸秆还田后麦(油)茬直播稻成熟期田间0~10、>10~20 cm土层的氨态氮含量有增有减,硝态氮含量则整体降低了44.22%(30.99%)、8.05%(20.09%)。土壤全氮含量在直播稻各生育期变化较小,N_(1)处理下各生育期土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和全氮含量均保持在较高水平。综上所述,连续的秸秆还田有利于提高土壤全氮含量,麦(油)-稻轮作模式下均是均衡施氮配合能有效促进稻株氮素吸收,显著提高水稻产量,以油-稻轮作模式下增产效果更佳。The positioning test was carried out in the Chongzhou Experimental Base of Sichuan Agricultural University in 2018—2019,aiming at exploring the effects of straw returning and nitrogen(N)fertilizer management on soil N supply and yield of direct seeding rice under the wheat(rape)-rice rotation.The two-factor split-zone design was adopted.The main area was wheat/rape straw being turned over to field(M_(1))and straw being not returned to field(control,M_(0)).In the sub-area,on the basis of 150 kg/hm^(2) of N application,there were three kinds of N fertilizer operation,including N fertilizer moving forward(N_(1)),balanced N application(N_(2))and N fertilizer moving backward(N_(3)),with no N fertilizer application as a control(N_(0)).Then,the contents of soil ammonium-N,nitrate-N and total N,N accumulation and yield of direct seeding rice were determined.The results showed that the N accumulation of rice plant increased by 7.13%(8.50%)and the yield increased by 0.94%(1.43%)in 2018,and which increased to 15.17%(17.12%)and 6.60%(7.42%)in 2019 under the wheat(rape)-rice rotation at the maturing stage compared with those without straw returning.At the jointing stage in 2018,N accumulation amounts of direct seeding rice in the wheat(rape)stubble field were N_(1)>N_(2)>N_(3) treatments as a whole.At the full heading stage and maturing stage,N accumulation amounts and yields of rice plants were N_(3)>N_(2)>N_(1) treatments under the no straw returning,as well as N_(2)>N_(3)>N_(1) treatments under the straw returning.Compared with the no straw returning,the ammonium-N contents in 0-10 and>10-20 cm soil layers at the rice maturing stage under the wheat(rape)-rice rotation increased or decreased after straw returning.While the nitrate-N contents decreased by 44.22%(30.99%)and 8.05%(20.09%)overall.Soil total N contents had little change in each growth stage of direct seeding rice,and the contents of nitrate-N,ammonium-N and total N in the soils under the N_(1) treatment remained at a high level in each growth stage.In conclusi

关 键 词：秸秆还田 氮肥运筹 麦(油)-稻轮作 土壤氮素 产量 

分 类 号：S511.3[农业科学—作物学] S14