元代委任劄付略论  

On Zhafu(Mandate of Designation)Under the Mongol Yuan Dynasty

作　　者：张国旺[1] ZHANG Guowang(Institute of Ancient History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院古代史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《河北师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第2期16-27,共12页Journal of Hebei Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国古文书学研究”(项目编号:14ZDB024)。

摘　　要：劄付的广泛使用,体现了元代选官的灵活性,因此探究委任劄付对考察元代选官制度有着重要意义。作为委任文书的劄付,承袭金代旧制,并有所发展。其体式经历了由内容极简到渐趋丰富的过程,其书写多用八思巴字,汉文译注。其颁授机构不限于中书省和行省,尚包括内外百司以及投下机构等。所受劄付者有军官总把、百户和奥鲁千户,地方巡检、杂职官员和高级吏员。部分路、县级行政官员使用劄付委任,多是非常时期的临时举措。劄付与宣命、敕牒、付身构成了元代官吏委任文书体系。The extensive use of Zhafu(mandate letter of designation)reflects the flexibility of the appointment of officials in the Mongol Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368 AD).It played an important role in the Yuan official-selecting system.As an instrument of appointment,it inherited the old system of Jurchen Jin Dynasty(1115-1234 AD)with some improvement.It was mostly written in Phags-pa script with Chinese translation notes.The writing style evolved from minimal content to complicated forms.Institutions with power to issue Zhafu are not limited to the Central Secretariat(中书省Zhongshu Sheng)and the Branch Secretariats(行省provinces),but also include central and local government institutions and Touxia(投下Soyurqal)institutions.The recipients include military officials such as Zongba(总把chief commander),head of a hundred or centurian(百户),head of chiliads or chiliarch(千户)of auruq(奥鲁military households),local investigating censors,miscellaneous officials and senior petty officials.Some administrative officials at the circuit(道a prefecture-like division)and county levels were given Zhafu for their appointment,which was mostly a temporary measure in unusual times.Zhafu together with Xuanming(宣命mandate of designation to royal and high officials of first to fifth ranks),Chidie(敕牒mandate of designation to officials of sixth to nineth ranks)and Fushen(付身letter of designation to petty officials)constitute the system of official appointment documents in the Yuan Dynasty.

关 键 词：元代 劄付 委任文书 文书体式 官员选任 

分 类 号：K247[历史地理—历史学]