亚洲高山区冰湖溃决洪水事件回顾  

Glacial lake outburst floods on the High Mountain Asia:a review

作　　者：张太刚 王伟财[2] 高坛光[1] 安宝晟[2,3] 尚雪雪 ZHANG Taigang;WANG Weicai;GAO Tanguang;AN Baosheng;SHANG Xuexue(College of Earth and Environmental Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China;Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;School of Science,Tibet University,Lhasa 850011,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学资源环境学院,甘肃兰州730000 [2]中国科学院青藏高原研究所,北京100101 [3]西藏大学理学院,西藏拉萨850011

出　　处：《冰川冻土》2021年第6期1673-1692,共20页Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology

基　　金：第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0208);国家自然科学基金项目(41771088);兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(lzujbky-2021-74)资助。

摘　　要：冰湖溃决洪水是由冰湖快速大量释水所导致的自然灾害。在全球变暖背景下,亟待建立完整的冰湖溃决洪水数据库,以进一步对冰湖进行危险性评估和风险管理。整理了亚洲高山区(青藏高原及周边地区)的冰湖溃决洪水资料,得出冰湖溃决洪水主要分布在天山山脉、喀喇昆仑山、喜马拉雅山脉、念青唐古拉山、横断山等区域。20世纪以来,亚洲高山区共计发生冰湖溃决洪水277起,其中冰碛湖溃决洪水113起,冰坝湖溃决洪水164起。导致冰碛湖溃决的诱因以冰-雪崩或冰川滑塌为主导,占50.1%,埋藏冰融化或管涌、强降水或上游来水、滑坡-岩崩以及地震占比分别为23.1%、18.5%、7.4%和0.9%。1980年以来,冰碛湖溃决洪水的发生频率呈较弱的增长趋势;但由于发生溃决的冰湖趋于小型化,其溃决水量与洪峰流量在喜马拉雅山脉、天山山脉等地区呈显著下降趋势。2010—2018年间喜马拉雅山脉中段发生8起冰湖溃决洪水事件,远高于天山山脉、喜马拉雅山脉东段和念青唐古拉山等地区,成为新的高发区,是未来重点关注的地区。在未来冰湖溃决洪水频率可能增加的状况下,相关国家和地区在应对冰川灾害、实现区域防灾减灾等方面需要加强沟通交流,共同建立跨区域协调的防灾体系。Glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs)are formed by the rapid and massive release of water from glacial lakes.In the context of global warming,it is imperative to establish a GLOFs database for glacial lake risk assessment and management to strengthen social awareness,response and prevention of GLOF hazards.On the High Mountain Asia(HMA),GLOFs are mainly distributed in the Tian Shan,Karakorum,Himalayas,Nyainqentanglha,Hengduan Shan areas.Since the 20 th century,a total of 277 GLOFs have occurred on HMA,including 113 moraine-dammed lake outburst floods and 164 ice-dammed lake outburst floods.The glacial lakes that have drained account for about 0.4%of the total number of glacial lakes in the region.Since 1980,the frequency of GLOFs has shown a slightly increase,with no significant increased change in the glacial lake outburst water volume and peak discharge.With eight GLOFs in the Nepalese and Chinese central Himalayas between 2010 and 2018,the region has overtaken the Tian Shan,eastern Himalayas and Nyainqentanglha ranges,and becomes a region that is vulnerable to GLOFs and requires special attention and prevention efforts.The triggers of moraine-dammed lake outburst on HMA are diverse.Glacier/ice-avalanches have a dominant role,accounting for 50.1%.Moraine dam subsidence or piping,and heavy rainfall or upstream water,both account for about 20%,and landslide-rock avalanches induced moraine outbursts accounted for 7.4%.Facing the increasing frequency of GLOFs in the future,the relevant countries and regions need to strengthen communication and jointly foster a standard prevention and control system to curb glacier disaster damage and protect the natural eco-environment of high mountain areas.

关 键 词：冰湖 冰湖溃决洪水 诱因 亚洲高山区 

分 类 号：P343.6[天文地球—水文科学] X43[天文地球—地球物理学]