极端微生物及其应用研究进展  

Extremophiles and their applications

作　　者：庄滢潭 刘芮存 陈雨露 杨岑玥 余岩[4] 王涛 王友亮 宋亚军 滕越 ZHUANG Ying Tan;LIU Rui Cun;CHEN Yu Lu;YANG Cen Yue;YU Yan;WANG Tao;WANG You Liang;SONG Ya Jun;TENG Yue(State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity,Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Beijing 100071,China;School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Jinan 250300,China;School of Basic Medical sciences,Shandong University,Jinan 250100,China;College of Life Sciences,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610064,China;School of Life Sciences,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300110,China;Beijing Institute of Biotechnology,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Beijing 100071,China)

机构地区：[1]军事科学院军事医学研究院微生物流行病研究所病原微生物生物安全国家重点实验室,北京100071 [2]山东中医药大学药学院,济南250300 [3]山东大学基础医学院,济南250100 [4]四川大学生命科学学院,成都610064 [5]天津大学生命科学学院,天津300110 [6]军事科学院军事医学研究院生物工程研究所,北京100071

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2022年第2期204-222,共19页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

摘　　要：极端微生物是指在高/低温、高/低p H、高盐、高压等极端环境条件下生存的微生物.特殊的生存条件导致其具有特殊的遗传背景和代谢途径,并可产生功能特殊的酶类和活性物质.随着系统生物学和合成生物学技术的发展,极端微生物作为一类特殊的微生物群体,在生物医疗、生物能源和生物材料等领域具有巨大的应用潜力.极端微生物相关研究也对生命起源与演化、生物工程技术等领域的发展具有重大意义.本文对极端环境及极端微生物的概念和分类进行了回顾,综述了极端微生物在不同环境条件下的适应机制及其酶的应用,并介绍了合成生物学在极端微生物研究中的应用情况.此外,由于极端微生物和极端酶的特殊性和高效性,本文还探讨了极端微生物开发过程中的挑战,以及其在航空航天与国防安全领域的综合应用潜力,并指出了相关研究的必要性.Extremophiles are a group of organisms that thrive under extreme environmental conditions(e.g.,high/low temperature,p H,salinity,and pressure)in which most life forms find difficulty to survive.Special living conditions lead to their special genetic background and metabolic pathways,and they can produce special enzymes(extremozymes)and active ingredients(extremolytes).As a special microbial community,extremophiles have great potential in biomedicine,bioenergy,biomaterials and other fields.The study of extremophiles is not only related to the origin and evolution of life,but also significant to the development of biotechnology and other fields.This review summarizes the concept of extreme environment and extremophiles,and the potential application of extremophiles and extremozymes in the medical,biorefinery and other fields.In addition,the adaptation mechanism of extremophiles under various conditions and the application of synthetic biology in extremophiles are also introduced.Furthermore,this review explores the challenges in the development of extremophiles and the comprehensive application potential of extremophiles and extremozymes in space and national defense,which is partly due to their specificity and efficiency,and points out the necessity for accelerating extremophile research.

关 键 词：极端微生物 极端酶 极端环境 适应机制 合成生物学 

分 类 号：Q938[生物学—微生物学]