《民法典》第133条(民事法律行为的定义)评注  

Comment on Article 133 of the Civil Code(the Definition of Civil Juridical Act)

作　　者：王文胜[1] WANG Wensheng

机构地区：[1]湖南大学法学院

出　　处：《法治研究》2022年第1期45-62,共18页Research on Rule of Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“基于我国司法经验的民法规则表达研究”(项目编号:17CFX024)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》第133条不再将民事法律行为限定为“合法行为”,从而,《民法典》中的“民事法律行为”相当于《民法通则》中的“民事行为”,并与大陆法系中通行的“法律行为”一词本质相同。《民法典》第133条所规定的“设立、变更、终止民事法律关系”是指民事主体从事民事法律行为的目的(而非效果),这一目的是民事法律行为区别于其他行为的重要标志。在《民法典》的规则体系中,意思表示与民事法律行为不同,意思表示生效之后方有民事法律行为成立的可能;民事法律行为以意思表示为要素,不存在所谓“不需要意思表示的法律行为”。传统学说所称意思表示的“要素”,所表达的往往是一个正常的意思表示所具有的“元素”。在对意思表示的元素进行拆分观察时,将其客观方面拆为三部分具有更强的解释力:外部行为、客观所表现出的受拘束的意思、客观所追求的私法效果。物权行为独立性理论仍停留在我国民法学说讨论之中,未进入《民法典》的规则体系。Article 133 of the Civil Code no longer limits civil juridical act to"legal act",thus,the"civil juridical act"in the Civil Code is equivalent to the"civil act"in the General Principles of the Civil Law,and is essentially the same as the term"juridical act"prevailing in the civil law system.Article 133 of the Civil Code,which stipulates"the establishment,modification,or termination of civil legal relations",refers to the purpose(not the effect)of a civil subject engaging in a civil juridical act.This is the important mark of a civil juridical act that distinguishing it from other acts.In the rule system of the Civil Code,the declaration of will is different from the civil juridical act.A civil juridical act can be established only after a declaration of will becomes effective.A civil juridical act takes a declaration of will as element,and there is no so-called"civil juridical act without a declaration of will".What the traditional doctrine calls"essential elements"of a declaration of will refer often to the"normal elements"of a normal declaration of will.When looking at the elements of a declaration of will,it is more explanatory to divide the objective aspect into three parts:the external act,the objectively expressed bound meaning,and the objectively sought private law effect.The theory of the independence of juridical act of real rights remains in our doctrinal discussion and has not been adopted by the Civil Cod e.

关 键 词：民事法律行为 意思表示 民事法律关系 情谊行为 物权行为 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]