欧盟外国补贴监管改革趋势及影响  

Trends and Implications of EU Foreign Subsidy Regulatory Reform

作　　者：张怀岭 ZHANG Huailing(Southwestern University of Finance and Economics)

机构地区：[1]西南财经大学法学院

出　　处：《国际贸易》2022年第2期74-81,共8页Intertrade

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“对等原则下我国外资‘国家安全’审查国别因素研究”(19BFX159);司法部国家法治与法学理论研究项目“欧盟及其核心成员国外资并购安全审查法律风险与对策研究”(18SFB3035)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：在欧盟将我国定位为"制度性竞争对手"的背景下,欧盟通过《外国补贴条例》拟于竞争法中引入一种新型外国补贴监管工具,以期弥补既有监管框架的不足,更加有效地应对外国补贴对欧盟内部市场竞争的扭曲和贯彻欧洲新工业战略。构成上,欧盟外国补贴监管工具包括一般性外国补贴监管工具、并购中外国补贴监管工具以及公共采购中外国补贴监管工具三种子类型。内容上,市场扭曲评估规则和利益平衡测试构成新工具的核心实体规则,而由初步审查和深入调查组成的"二阶式"审查程序则构成其主要程序性特征。本质上,外国补贴工具以欧盟竞争法国家援助控制机制为蓝本。对我国影响上,新的监管工具一方面会挤压多边经贸规则的适用空间,受益于"一带一路"倡议等国家战略的中企将面临具有巨大不确定性和政治针对性的监管环境,国有企业和领军企业面临歧视性法律风险。另一方面,欧盟竞争立法与中欧CAI交互影响增强,我国公平竞争立法与执法面临压力。对此,我国应通过完善公平竞争市场法治,鼓励企业在欧盟法框架下寻求司法救济,以及积极参与欧盟外国补贴条例立法定型等措施来构建多层次的应对机制。In the context of the EU positioning China as a“systemic rivalry”,the EU“Proposal for a Regulation on Foreign Subsidies Distorting the Internal Market”intends to introduce a new type of foreign subsidy regulatory tool in competition law.It aims to make up for the shortcomings under the existing regulatory framework,address the competition distortion on the internal market caused by foreign subsidies more effectively and further implement the European new industrial strategy.Structurally,this new tool shall consist of three subtypes,namely the general regulatory tool,and the subsidies regulatory mechanisms in concentrations and public procurement procedures.Regarding content,the market distortion assessment rules and the balancing test constitute the essential substantive rules,and the two-stage review procedure consisting of preliminary review and in-depth investigation are its main procedural characteristics.The foreign subsidy instruments are essentially modelled on the state aid control regime of the EU competition law.Regarding its implications for China,on the one hand,the new tool will squeeze the application of multilateral treaties and agreements,and Chinese companies which are benefiting from national strategies,such as the Belt and Road Initiative are to face dramatic legal uncertainty and a politically targeted regulatory environment.The Chinese SOEs and national champions might be discriminatory treated.On the other hand,given increased interactions between EU competition legislation and China-EU CAI,the competition legislation and law enforcement in China are under pressure.In this regard,China should establish a multi-level response mechanism by improving the rule of law in the fair competition market,encouraging the enterprises to seek judicial relief under the framework of EU law,and actively participating in the legislative process of the EU foreign subsidy regulations.

关 键 词：外国补贴 中欧全面投资协定 公平竞争环境 欧盟竞争法 

分 类 号：D95[政治法律—法学] DD912.29