英国的委任统治与伊拉克库尔德问题的形成  

The British Mandate and the Formation of the Iraqi Kurdish Issue: From the Perspective of Nation-State Building

作　　者：杜东辉 Donghui Du

机构地区：[1]复旦大学发展研究院,上海200433

出　　处：《世界民族》2022年第1期61-73,共13页Journal of World Peoples Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“土耳其‘复合地缘战略’与中土战略合作关系研究”(编号:21CGJ037)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：英国在第一次世界大战后被迫改变传统殖民统治策略,转而在其占领的美索不达米亚地区实行“委任统治”。在此期间,库尔德人占多数的摩苏尔地区被并入伊拉克政治版图,这是伊拉克库尔德问题的逻辑起点。在英国“监护”下,伊拉克民族国家建构的措施有:建立君主立宪制、鼓励阿拉伯民族主义、维持部落体制等。但是由于国家建构与民族建构的错位、统治基础的薄弱、意识形态的对立和地方主义势力的强化,作为民族国家的伊拉克可谓形神俱散。初创的伊拉克国家无法获得库尔德人的认同,这是其库尔德问题产生的内在理路。2003年伊拉克战争后,美国主导的“民主化转型”导致库尔德人、什叶派和逊尼派之间出现“分裂型民主”,这可以看成是英国在伊拉克委任统治的现实回响。In the wake of World War I,Britain was forced to change its traditional tactics of colonial rule,instead of which Mandate was implemented in the British occupied Mesopotamia.During this period,Mosul,where the Kurds were predominant,was merged into the Iraqi political landscape.It was the logical starting point of the Iraqi Kurdish issue.Under British tutelage,measures for nation-state building in Iraq included establishing a constitutional monarchy,promoting Arab nationalism,and maintaining tribal structures among others.However,due to the dislocation between state and nation building,the limitation of the regime base,opposite ideologies and the strengthening of localism,efforts of nation-state building in Iraq failed both in form and spirit.The newly created Iraq state could hardly obtain the Kurds’acceptance,which was the inner-logic of the formation of the Iraqi Kurdish issue.After the Iraq War in 2003,“democratic transformation”boosted by America has resulted in“divisive democracy”among the Kurds,Shiites and Sunnis,which could be regarded as a contemporary echo of the British Mandate in Iraq.

关 键 词：伊拉克 库尔德问题 民族国家 委任统治 

分 类 号：D756.1[政治法律—政治学]