土壤侵蚀作用是雏形土和新成土广泛分布的成因研究  

Soil erosion is the main influence process of the widely distributed cambosols and primosols

作　　者：张凤荣 张蕾 ZHANG Fengrong;ZHANG Lei(College of Land Science and Technology,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学土地科学与技术学院,北京100193

出　　处：《中国农业大学学报》2022年第1期1-13,共13页Journal of China Agricultural University

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41671216);国家科技基础性工作专项(2014FY110200)。

摘　　要：为研究土壤侵蚀对土壤类型及其分布的影响,以华北地区京、津、冀、晋四省市的418个土系的典型土壤剖面为研究对象,统计处于不同地形部位的诊断表层类型、诊断表下层类型和土纲类型的数量,并分析不同地形坡度和侵蚀程度对其分布的影响。结果表明:1)诊断表层以淡薄表层为主要类型,所占比例82.06%,主要分布在海拔低的山地中、上坡,这里易发生侵蚀;2)诊断表下层以雏形层所占比例最高,高于60%,多分布于山地中部区域和土壤侵蚀搬运物质堆积的平原区;黏化层所占比例很小;418个土系归属的土纲是雏形土最多,新成土次之,淋溶土最少;3)不同坡度和侵蚀程度对土壤类型的影响表现在坡度处于0°~5°和微度侵蚀中的土系所占比例最多,分别为51.7%和59.1%。因此,山地多、地形坡度大、地质构造运动频繁、大陆性季风气候是土壤侵蚀的自然背景条件,而开垦坡地等人为因素加速了土壤侵蚀;山地土壤的侵蚀和平原的冲积物沉积作用是造成雏形土和新成土广泛分布的成因。建议土壤地理学教材应增加土壤侵蚀作用对于土壤发生、分类和类型分布影响的章节。Soil erosion and erosion material deposition are widespread.Taking 418 typical soil profiles distributed in Beijing,Tianjin,Hebei and Shanxi as the research objects,the quantity of diagnostic surface horizons,diagnostic subsurface horizons and soil types at different topographic position was accounted,and the influence of different slope and erosion degree was analyzed.The results showed that:1)The main type of diagnosis surface horizon is ochric epipedon,which is accounted to 82.06%.It is mainly located in the middle and uphill mountains with low altitude and prone to erosion;2)For the diagnostic subsurface horizons,the proportion of the cambic horizon,which is more than60%,is the highest.Most of them are distributed in the middle region of the mountain and the plain area where the parent material is recently deposited from soil erosion of mountain area.This makes the 418 soil profiles are mostly classified as Cambosols and Primosols and the least is Argosols;3)The influence of slope and erosion degree on those soil profiles is analyzed and the result showed that the soil profiles are mostly located in 0°-5°and micro erosion,which accounted to 51.7% and 59.1%,respectivley.Therefore,the mountainous topography,frequent tectonic movement,continental monsoon climate and mankind disturbs are the influential factors of soil erosion;the most important influence on soil type and soil type distribution is not the process of soil formation,but the process of soil erosion in the survey area.Therefore,the influence of soil erosion on soil formation,classification and soil type distribution should be added in the textbook of soil geography.

关 键 词：土壤侵蚀 雏形土 新成土 形成过程 影响因素 

分 类 号：S159[农业科学—土壤学]