宣汉罗家坝墓地再研究  

The Restudy of Luojiaba Cemetery in Xuanhan

作　　者：彭思宇 Peng Siyu

机构地区：[1]北京大学考古文博学院

出　　处：《四川文物》2022年第1期60-82,共23页Sichuan Cultural Relics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“古蜀地区文明化华夏化进程研究”(批准号:21&ZD223)。

摘　　要：宣汉罗家坝墓地的年代当在战国中期至战国末期。墓葬形制、葬具与葬俗,以及随葬品的器用特征显示,罗家坝当为蜀文化墓地,而非此前公认的巴賨文化墓地。达州宣汉一带在历史时期地理优势突出,战国中期早段M33的突现为《史记》所载蜀伐楚及取南郑的两次军事行动提供了考古学证明。秦灭巴蜀前夕,开明蜀国盛极而衰,无力东顾,罗家坝邑聚因此骤然贫困化。秦灭巴蜀至战国晚期中段,正值秦楚在长江一线的拉锯,罗家坝的军事组织因此得以保留。只是墓地的平民化特征依旧突出,且蜀文化仍然占据主导,反映出秦对巴蜀既笼络又防范的统治政策。白起拔郢,楚国东迁,次年张若又取巫、黔中,罗家坝或因此彻底失去了作为军事驻地的价值,故在战国末期前后已经趋于废弃。罗家坝墓地的案例为从考古学本位出发界定与区分巴、蜀文化提供了突破口。In terms of the dating of the Luojiaba cemetery in Xuanhan, the excavation report of Xuanhan Luojiaba may be slightly biased. The earliest tomb M33 should be dated to the early stage of mid-Warring States period. Meanwhile, the entire cemetery existed roughly from the middle to the end of the Warring States period. As indicated in the shapes of tombs, types of coffins, funeral customs, as well as the features of burial objects, the Luojiaba cemetery more likely belongs to the Shu culture, rather than the Ba-Cong culture which is commonly agreed. In the later period, Xuanhan area showed its prominent geographical advantages. The discovery of M33 provides archaeological evidence for Shu’s expedition against Chu and seizure of Nanzheng area as recorded in the Historical Records. The tomb owner of M33 could be a general of Shu. Just before the annihilation of Ba and Shu by the Qin State, Shu was experiencing the decline right after the extreme prosperity, making it incapable of defending its eastern territory. Consequently, Luojiaba settlement suddenly fell into poverty. Several decades after the perishing of Ba and Shu States, the battle between Qin and Chu continued to and fro for territories along the Yangtze River, therefore the military organization of Luojiaba was retained by Qin due to its geographical advantages. The fact that it remained a cemetery of civilians while Shu culture still dominates suggests that Qin ruled the Ba-Shu area with both appeasing and precautionary measures. Chu moved its capital eastward after Bai Qi seized Ying. In the following year, Zhang Ruo took Wu and Qianzhong areas. In this situation, Luojiaba settlement finally lost its military significance and was gradually abandoned around the end of the Warring States Period. At present, features of the Shu culture have been largely revealed. However, as the Ba State moved westward several times during the Warring States Period, its territory varied on a long-term basis, which results in the relative lack of archaeological materials of

关 键 词：宣汉罗家坝墓地 巴蜀文化 战国时期 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K231[历史地理—历史学]