重大疫情防控措施的国际投资条约仲裁抗辩——以新冠疫情防控为对象  

Defenses for Pandemic Prevention Measures in International Investment Treaty Arbitration——Focusing on Covid-19 Prevention Measures

作　　者：王彦志[1,2] Wang Yanzhi

机构地区：[1]吉林大学法学院 [2]吉林大学国家发展与安全研究院

出　　处：《国际经济法学刊》2022年第1期82-99,共18页Journal of International Economic Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(18BFX214);吉林大学国家发展与安全(生物安全)专项研究课题(2020JDGFAZ002)的研究成果。

摘　　要：新冠疫情引发了重大疫情防控措施在国际投资法下的合法性争议,提出了国际投资条约仲裁的抗辩问题。各国基于投资条约承担了广泛的投资保护义务,各国疫情应对措施可能被外国投资者指控违反投资条约义务,并被提起国际仲裁。各国可以基于投资条约和习惯国际法进行抗辩,主张其疫情应对措施不违反公平与公正待遇、充分保护与安全、间接征收与补偿等义务,符合投资条约一般例外、安全例外等例外,或者符合习惯国际法上的治安权和紧急情况等要求。新冠疫情具有突发性和紧急性,其传播和防控在科学上具有不可预见性和不确定性,给各国及其人民造成了极其严重的公共卫生乃至更广泛的挑战和危机,严重威胁各国乃至整个人类的生存和安全。投资条约仲裁庭必须审慎考量这些特殊复杂因素,并给予东道国疫情应对措施更大的尊重。只要东道国疫情应对措施不是非常明显地不合理、歧视、违反正当程序或违反比例原则,就不违反投资条约义务,就不承担国家责任。反之,其抗辩则不应得到支持。The Covid-19 has triggered debates over the legality of major epidemic prevention and control measures under international investment law and raised issues of defenses for such measures in international investment treaty arbitration.Countries have undertaken a wide range of investment treaties obligations and may be accused of violating such obligations by foreign investors and may be subject to international arbitration.Countries can defend themselves based on investment treaties and customary international law,arguing that their epidemic response measures do not violate obligations such as fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, indirect expropriation and compensation,and can be justified on various exceptions under investment treaties and customary international law,such as general exceptions,essential security exceptions,police powers and necessity.The Covid-19 is sudden and urgent,and its spread and prevention and control are scientifically unpredictable and uncertain,causing extremely serious public health and even broader challenges,threats and crises to countries and their people,and even to their survival and security.The investment treaty arbitration tribunal must carefully consider special complex factors and give host country greater deference for the epidemic response measures.As long as the host country’s response to the epidemic is not very obviously unreasonable,discriminatory,violating due process,or violating the principle of proportionality,it does not violate investment treaty obligations and does not assume state responsibility.Conversely,its defense should not be supported.

关 键 词：新型冠状病毒 投资条约仲裁 公共卫生 抗辩 例外条款 

分 类 号：D996.4[政治法律—经济法学] R181.8[政治法律—国际法学]