生物多样性抵消的研究进展  

Research progress on biodiversity offsetting

作　　者：胡远洋 Yuanyang Hu(The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,EH89JU,The United Kingdom)

机构地区：[1]The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,EH89JU,The United Kingdom

出　　处：《生物多样性》2022年第2期144-153,共10页Biodiversity Science

摘　　要：生物多样性抵消(biodiversity offsetting)是一种补偿模式,在国际上已广泛实施,包括北美和欧洲,但尚未在中国开展。本文综述了生物多样性抵消的优点和主要问题,特别是美国和英国的实际情况,并展望了中国开展生物多样性抵消项目的前景。生物多样性抵消的主要优点有:(1)理论上成果透明可靠;(2)理论上结果始终积极;(3)衍生出主动积极保护生物多样性的方法——抵消银行。目前仍存在的主要问题包括:(1)“可量化的保护成果”难以实现;(2)无净损失难以达成;(3)实践过程中监管存在问题;(4)实施与结果之间的滞后性。此外,还讨论了美国和英国案例中一些更加具体的问题,如模糊和过时的法律和政策、不适当的抵消比例等。总之,生物多样性抵消的主要问题是现有的研究无法支撑其理想化的实施和实际应用中出现的各类主观性问题。从目前的证据来看,生物多样性抵消或许能为我国环境保护、可持续发展提供一定的帮助。建议加强对生物多样性抵消在中国可行性的研究,包括引入抵消层次、完善生物多样性量化指标、试点项目和抵消银行等,为我国制定生物多样性保护政策提供更多的理论基础。Aims Biodiversity offsetting(BO)is a compensation action and has been implemented widely,including in North America and Europe,but not in China currently.This paper tries to provide an overview of the advantages and problems of biodiversity offsetting,specifically examining the situations in the United States(US)and the United Kingdom(UK),and providing an outlook on the future of biodiversity offsetting programs in China.Progresses According to the available research,the main advantages of biodiversity offsetting are:(1)the outcomes are theoretically transparent and reliable;(2)the results are always positive in theory;(3)it brings a proactive approach to biodiversity conservation,mitigation banking.The main problems are:(1)the difficulty of achieving“quantifiable conservation outcomes”;(2)the difficulty of equating biodiversity gains with losses;(3)the problems of regulation in practice;(4)the lag between implementation and results.Additionally,more specific issues such as vague and outdated laws and policies,and inappropriate mitigation ratios have been discussed from the US and UK cases.Conclusions&Suggestions Overall,the main problems of biodiversity offsetting are that the existing research cannot underpin its idealized implementation,and all kinds of subjective issues in its practice.Based on the current empirical evidence,biodiversity offsetting may contribute to the environmental protection and sustainable development in China.This paper suggests strengthening research on the feasibility of biodiversity offsetting in China,including introducing mitigation hierarchy,refining quantitative biodiversity indicators,pilot projects,and mitigation banking.That will deepen the understanding of biodiversity and provide a more theoretical basis for formulating biodiversity conservation policies in China.

关 键 词：生物多样性抵消 抵消层次 可量化的保护收益 抵消银行 无净损失 

分 类 号：Q16[生物学—普通生物学]