生态修复:从民事法律责任到行政法律义务  

Ecological rehabilitation:from civil liability to administrative obligation

作　　者：刘倩 王彬 LIU Qian;WANG Bin(Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning,Beijing 100012;Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Beijing 100029)

机构地区：[1]生态环境部环境规划院,北京100012 [2]生态环境部环境与经济政策研究中心,北京100029

出　　处：《环境污染与防治》2022年第3期409-412,419,共5页Environmental Pollution & Control

摘　　要：生态修复是救济生态环境损害的方式,或体现为民事法律责任,或体现为行政法律义务。作为民事法律责任的生态修复体现了以环境权为权源通过民事法律规范以司法途径救济生态环境损害的救济方式,作为行政法律义务的生态修复体现了“行政命令+行政处罚+代履行”的生态环境损害救济方式。将生态修复作为民事法律责任是目前的主流做法,但将生态修复作为行政法律义务更契合生态环境损害的独特属性。需转变生态修复“权利侵害—责任追究”的民法思维,转向“义务设定—义务履行”,从生态环境损害行为人和政府在生态修复中各自应尽义务的履行角度构建生态环境修复制度。As a way to relieve ecological damage,ecological rehabilitation was either embodied in civil liability or embodied in administrative obligation.Ecological rehabilitation as civil liability reflected the relief method of taking environmental rights as the source of right to relieve ecological damage by judicial channels through civil law,while as administrative obligation reflecting the relief method of“administrative order+administrative penalty+administrative surrogate performance”.Although taking ecological rehabilitation as civil liability was the current mainstream practice,taking ecological rehabilitation as administrative obligation was more in line with the unique attribute of ecological damage.The significance of the transformation of ecological rehabilitation from civil liability to administrative obligation was that ecological rehabilitation should be shifted from“right infringement-accountability”to“duty setting-duty fulfillment”.Thus,an ecological rehabilitation system from the perspective of the performance of the respective obligations of the doer and the government in ecological rehabilitation was constructed.

关 键 词：生态修复 生态环境损害 民事法律责任 行政法律义务 

分 类 号：D922.68[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学] X171.4[政治法律—法学]