美国的拉美移民来源的梯度结构分析(1900—1929年)——以墨西哥移民为中心  

An Analysis of the Gradient Structure of the Sources of Latin American Immigrants in the U.S.(1900-1929)

作　　者：梁茂信[1] Liang Maoxin

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学美国研究所

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2021年第6期1-20,155,共21页Journal of Latin American Studies

基　　金：教育部重点研究基地重大项目“移民、流动性与美利坚文明研究”(编号:20JJD770002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：1900—1929年间,随着美国工业化的完成和经济繁荣发展,美国西南地区劳动力供求关系脱节的问题日益加剧,于是,拉美国家特别是墨西哥掀起了向美国的移民潮。从迁入美国的拉美移民的来源看,其走势基本呈梯度结构:墨西哥移民数量最多,加勒比群岛移民数量次之,南美洲移民数量最少。这种结构既反映了拉美地区经济发展的失衡及其与美国经济的融合关系,也是美国企业的招工措施实施后移民劳工直接参与美国经济活动特别是生产过程引发的必然结果。墨西哥劳工经过反复的季节性环流,其中一部分最终转化为永久定居美国的移民。伴随着美国移民政策的限制性、边界检查和巡防执法力度的加强,来自墨西哥的合法劳工、永久移民以及其他国家过境墨西哥进入美国的各类人员,与从事贸易的双向车流相互交织,使美墨边境地区跃升为经济繁荣发展的区域性跨国中心,随之而来的非法移民、各类走私活动和妓女贩卖等问题的泛滥,则表明该地区具有国际化特点的跨国社会问题不容小觑。During the first three decades in the 20th century,as the United States has become an industrialized nation,the supply of labor could not meet the growing market demand due to the economic prosperity in southwest America.As a result,a wave of immigrants from Latin America countries,especially those from Mexico emerged,which exhibited a gradient structure.Such gradient structure originated from several factors,including the unbalanced regional economic developments in Latin American countries,the extent of differences in their respective integrations with the economy of the U.S.,and the labor recruitment policies by U.S.employers,who hired thousands of Mexicans as short-term workers on farms,in railroad companies or mines and urban factories.In the process of repeated seasonal circulations,many Mexicans eventually settled as permanent residents in the U.S..With the enactment of restrictive immigration policies in the U.S.,unprecedented intensive border inspections and patrol system on the U.S.side along the border with Mexico,it became increasingly difficult for Mexicans and any other aliens to get into the U.S..However,legal workers,immigrants,businessmen,students and many other aliens entered into the U.S.,intermingled with two-way commercial trucks and other vehicles,thus created one and another transnational economic centers near the U.S.-Mexico border area,wherein illegal immigrants,smuggling activities,prostitution and other social problems had become transnational in character.

关 键 词：拉美移民 美墨边界 梯度结构 季节劳工 跨国社会问题 

分 类 号：D523.8[政治法律—政治学] F831.6[政治法律—国际政治]