日本人移民巴西初期的历程和特征  

The Course and Characteristics of the Initial Period of Japanese Emigration to Brazil

作　　者：杜娟[1] Du Juan

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2021年第5期97-120,157,共25页Journal of Latin American Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“巴西的日本移民史研究”(编号:19BSS033)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：1908年6月,首批781名日本移民搭乘"笠户丸"抵达巴西,他们中的绝大多数是契约农工,被分配在咖啡种植园中劳作。然而,初到巴西的日本移民在种植园的生活并不理想,他们面临生活条件差、饮食不习惯、遭受虐待、工资水平低等困境。反抗和逃离成为日本劳工表达不满的主要方式。对此,日本政府一方面安抚侨民,通过重置让他们在巴西定居下来;另一方面完善和规范移民公司的业务,继续推动向外移民。与此同时,日本国内的移民公司进入改革和整合期,日本通往巴西的移民航线也逐渐固定。1918年,海外兴业株式会社成立,并于1920年成为日本唯一经营移民业务的公司。1908—1923年期间日本移民巴西初期呈现出如下特征:巴西政府提供了移民活动的主要资金;以家庭为单位的契约农工构成了移民主体;日本移民高度聚居在圣保罗州的农村地区;日本移民的定居率非常高;在移民规模方面,巴西还不是日本移民的主要目的国,而日本也仅是巴西的一个移民来源小国。总之,这一时期日本向巴西的移民活动遵循的是"大公司、小政府"的运行模式。In June 1908,the first group of 781 Japanese emigrants arrived in Brazil by the ship Kasato-maru.Most of them were indentured farm workers,assigned to work in coffee plantations.However,the first Japanese emigrants to Brazil did not have ideal life in the plantations.They faced poor living conditions,poor eating habits,ill-treatment,and low wages.They expressed their discontent by rebelling and escaping.In view of this,the Japanese government,on the one hand,appeased the expatriates and helped them settle down in Brazil through resettlement while on the other hand,improved the business of emigration companies and continued to promote emigration.At the same time,Japan’s domestic emigration companies entered a period of reform and integration,and the migration route from Japan to Brazil got gradually fixed.In 1918,the Overseas Enterprise Company Limited was founded and soon became the only company in Japan that dealt with emigration business.From 1908 to 1923,the early period of Japanese emigration to Brazil showed the following characteristics:the Brazilian government provided the main funding for the migration activities;families as a unit of indentured farm workers constituted the majority of emigrants;Japanese emigrants concentrated in rural areas of Sao Paulo state;the ratio of settlement of Japanese emigrants was very high.However,in terms of the scale of migration,Brazil was not the main destination country for Japanese emigrants,and Japan was only a small source of immigrants for Brazil.In short,the Japanese emigration to Brazil during this period was characterized by the mode of“big company,small government”.

关 键 词：日本移民 契约农工 圣保罗州 咖啡种植园 海外兴业株式会社 

分 类 号：K14[历史地理—历史学]